Yəḥa, likely the capital of the ancient kingdom of DʿMT, boasted a multi-storeyed palace, a grand temple, and elite burial tombs, making it one of the earliest known cities in the region.
Scientific Visualisation of Yəḥa During Its Peak in the First Millennium BC, By The German Archaeological Institute. Source
Map Of The Major Archeological Sites In The Northern-Highlands. Source...
Date Created: 04/24/2024
Last Updated: 08/12/2025
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After the second millennium BC, references to Punt largely vanish from historical records. Nevertheless, civilisation in the northern highlands of Eritrea and Ethiopia persisted. From the latter half of the second millennium BC, contact with South Arabia grew as South Arabian polities took greater interest in the region, while highland polities regained some of the losses caused by the decline of Egyptian trade. This interaction, driven largely by merchants, intensified over time, with many settling and intermingling with the predominantly Cushitic population, leading to the emergence of a partially Semitic-speaking community.
Dating to the early first millennium BC, Yəḥa’s significance is evident in its remarkably well-preserved structures, unmatched elsewhere in the region. These buildings have strong architectural parallels with the Sabaeans of South Arabia, while also incorporating distinct features native to the northern highlands.
Yəḥa was likely one of the largest urban centres of the “Pre-Aksumite” (first millennium BC) era, its scale and architectural complexity remaining unmatched to this day.
There are three significant pre-Aksumite structures/sites located at Yəḥa, which I will explore in this article:
Different Views Of The Altar At Meqaber Ga’ewa. Source: The Almaqah Temple of Wuqro in Tigrai/Ethiopia, pg 24.
“Waʾran, the king, who downthrows (the enemies), son of Radiʿum and Shakkatum, the companion, rebuilt (the altar) for Almaqah, when he was appointed the Lord of the temple of Almaqah in Yahaʾ, on instruction of Attar and Almaqah and Dat Hamyim and Dat Baʿdan.” - Source: The Almaqah Temple of Wuqro in Tigrai/Ethiopia, pg 24.
The Great Temple, once a major centre of worship, is the oldest surviving megastructure in the region, largely intact and dating to the DʿMT period. It uniquely blends indigenous and South Arabian architectural styles, and appears to have served primarily as a place of worship for Almaqah3, the South Arabian moon god.
Although researchers initially dated the temple's age to 500 BC, it has since been revised to 800 BC4. Before the creation of the temple, a settlement is thought to have existed in the surrounding area.
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Almaqah is associated with the Ge'ez word "ኣምላኽ" (ahmlak), which means "god" and is still used in modern Tigrinya. This is likely because the word was adapted during the conversion to Christianity in the 4th & 5th century AD.
Excavations & History
Various Artifacts Found At Yəḥa, From Left To Right: A Vase, Christian Ritual Object & Bronze Cauldron
Extensive archaeological excavations have shed considerable light on the Great Temple’s structure and history. Its remarkable preservation is largely due to its conversion into a church dedicated to Abba Aftse, likely around the 6th century AD. This adaptation not only safeguarded the building but also embedded it within the religious life of the Ethiopian Orthodox Christian community. To this day, the temple hosts major annual religious festivals, reflecting its enduring significance as a sacred site5.
Numerous foreign travellers, such as the Portuguese explorer Alvares, who visited Yəḥa in the early 16th century AD, noted the existence of this ancient structure:
“We went this day to sleep at a town between the peaks called Abafacem,in which town is a very good church of Our Lady, well built, with the middle aisle raised above the two sides or edges, with its windows very well constructed, and all the church vaulted. We had not seen any of this type in this country: in Portugal, in Entre Douro and Minho, there are monasteries of this type. Close to the said church is a very large and handsome tower, both for its height and the good workmanship of the walls, and for its width; it is already getting damaged, and yet it is plain it was a royal affair, all of well-hewn stone: we have not seen such another building” - The Prester John of the Indies, Volume I, pg 140 & 141.
My Reconstruction Of The Yəḥa Temple based on the reconstruction by M. Schnelle. Own Work.
The structure spans 18.6m in length x 15.0 m in width and has a height of 13 meters6; the walls consist of rectangular blocks of sandstone. The Great Temple originally featured a large porch at its west that extended over 5.1m7 with six rectangular pillars, a design element that finds parallels in structures in southern Arabia. From the entrance, the double wooden doors opened to reveal a narrow passageway leading to the temple8.
Yəḥa Temple Interior Layout. Source: Le Grand Temple de Yéha (Tigray, Éthiopie), après la première campagne de fouilles de la Mission françaisem Figure 22.
The structure features a ground floor and evidence suggesting the existence of a second floor. The interior dimensions are 12.6m by 11.3m, comprising a central nave flanked by two sides, each with two aisles separated by square pillars (totalling five aisles). An inner drainage system, likely used to channel liquid runoff (for ceremonial rituals on the altar), is also evident. At the rear of the temple, a stepped entrance leads to three rooms (likely the sanctuary)9.
It’s likely the Yəḥa Temple, had an altar with a similar function.
Left: Present-day interior of the Yəḥa Temple; right: my reconstruction based on the scientific evidence presented in the article.
Ibex carvings, now part of the exterior of the Abba Afsé Church at Yəḥa. Source.
These ibex carvings, now located at the nearby church of Abba Afsé in Yəḥa, may have originally been part of the temple’s exterior itself11. Ibexs are a common motif found in classical era art in the region, especailly in southern arabia.
Grat Be'al Gebri: Elite Architecture
Grat Be'al Gebri roughly translates to “Place” or “Field of Celebration and Tribute.”
Another significant discovery at Yəḥa was Grat Be'al Gebri, often referred to as a ‘Palace’. The structure likely served as a residential and administrative hub for the local ruling elite (Likely the kings of DʿMT and their entourage). Archaeologist Francis Anfray has dated the structure to between the 5th Century & 2nd century BC12.
Before the construction of the palace, archaeologists had found that an earlier structure existed13.
The building spanned at least 46 x 46 meters and included a 4.5-meter-high podium. This podium housed an interior chamber system14. It was constructed primarily from timber & locally quarryed stone (a characteristic common in later “Aksumite Era” structures as well)15.
The primary entrance was marked by a six-pillar, roofed porch, the bases of which, along with some pillar remnants, remain today. Behind this grand entryway lay a large gated doorway leading into a hallway, which in turn opened into a corridor that bisected the building. This corridor provided access to various rooms, although the specifics of these rooms remain poorly documented due to the building's deteriorated condition16.
Remanents Of The Staircase Entry Into Grat Be'al Gebri
Grat Be'al Gebri, showcases two principal phases of construction, each illustrating different architectural techniques and cultural influences. Initially, this monumental building was erected with a distinctive South Arabian influence, featuring a stepped podium and a front porch supported by pillars. Unfortunately, this initial structure met its demise likely through a catastrophic fire, leading to its destruction17. The earliest section of the building is the outside staircase entrance, which is estimated to be dated to around 750 BC-500 BC18. This staircase had more than 24 steps19!
A second building phase followed, during which a new structure was erected directly over the ruins of the first. This later construction employed different walling techniques, possibly including the ‘monkey head’ method, a style common in the Aksumite Era that used timber framing combined with rubble stones and mud mortar. Stratigraphic (analysis of rock layers) test pits at the base of the podium also revealed evidence of occupation that predated the construction of the original building20.
Grand multi-storey buildings like this existed during the Aksumite period and in later eras such as the Zagwe period and the Solomonic era. This particular structure may have been one of the earliest elite buildings constructed in the region.
Reconstruction Of Grat Be'al Gebri & My Colored Reconstruction
Excavations and tests in the areas surrounding Grat Be'al Gebri have uncovered several intact artefacts. Items from the second phase of the building’s use include a variety of objects, such as vases and jars.
A remarkable discovery, though not made at Yəḥa itself but rather to the south at the site of Hawelti, was a statue of a woman dressed in traditional cotton attire resembling a modern-day Kemis. Nicknamed the “Queen of Yəḥa,” it dates to the same era in which Yəḥa flourished.
Queen Of Yəḥa Statue, In The National Museum Of Ethiopia. Source
Could the “Queen of Yəḥa” be linked to the Queen of Sheba? While the idea may seem unlikely, the dating of this period, combined with Yəḥa’s strong Sabaeic influence, leaves room for the possibility of a prominent queen whose legacy may have later evolved into the Queen of Sheba narrative preserved in the Kebra Nagast.
Queens appear frequently in inscriptions and physical artefacts, including statues, from the DʿMT period. Scholars point out that this degree of female prominence is not reflected in contemporary South Arabian culture, suggesting it was a distinctive and indigenous feature of DʿMT and Yəḥa21.
The Necropolis
Further south of the aforementioned buildings lies the necropolis known as Daro Mikae, a large burial site where tombs, likely belonging to the elite of DʿMT society, have been uncovered. These tombs reflect a culture that valued the afterlife and its preparation, particularly for wealthier citizens.
Professor Rodolfo Fattovich has suggested that the tombs date to around the mid-first millennium BC, with evidence indicating continued use into the late first to early second millennia AD22.
The tombs at Yəḥa are believed to have been used for rulers of the surrounding areas, likely of the elusive DʿMT kingdom. Interestingly, similar subterranean tombs were constructed for Aksumite rulers at Aksum over a millennium later, suggesting that this burial tradition may have originated in Yəḥa.
Daaro Mikael
Yəḥa(1960). Map showing the location of tombs in Sector I. Source: F. Anfray 1963a. Une campagne de fouilles à Yéha), CXV
In the 1960s and 1970s, the Ethiopian Institute of Archaeology, led by archaeologist F. Anfray, conducted excavations at Daaro Mikael, located at the Necropolis south of Yəḥa. The team uncovered seventeen tombs and two burial chambers, most of which contained various types of pottery and artefacts, with some even holding skeletal remains23.
Tombs At The Necropolis At Daro Mikae- Source: F. Anfray 1963a. Une campagne de fouilles à Yéha)
These artefacts included storage vessels like large vases for holding grain, cauldrons for cooking, and possibly even early forms of Jebenas used for brewing coffee. Other items found included tools for cutting wheat, bracelets, necklaces, incense burners, and objects from later periods, such as crosses.
Various Artifacts Found At The Necropolis
Seals
Among the artefacts discovered were bronze seals, some bearing Sabaean script and motifs such as the ibex, an animal associated with the god Almaqah. However, these seals also featured indigenous elements not found in southern Arabia.
Bronze Identity Seals, Found At The Necropolis at Daro Mikae.Source: F. Anfray 1963a. Une campagne de fouilles à Yéha), CLIV
Aerial Photograph of two tombs at the Yeha Necropolis. (Source: Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba3 and DCMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia, pg 153).
In the autumn of 2009, a joint Ethiopian–German archaeological team surveyed the area of Yəḥa, focusing on the hill slope of Abiy Addi opposite the ancient settlement. During the survey, they identified a necropolis with visible traces of burial sites. Local residents reported that one tomb contained a shaft and staircase, suggesting the presence of subterranean burial chambers24.
Further excavations in the spring of 2010 uncovered six rock-cut tombs, each with a 2.5-metre-deep vertical rectangular shaft and a grave chamber at each of the narrow ends. The chambers varied in size, with some reaching up to 4 metres in length and 1.2 metres in height. The entrances were originally sealed with rectangular stones, though most were missing at the time of discovery.25
Interestingly, rock-cut tombs of this type appear don’t appear in South Arabia until the 1st century AD, suggesting that such burial practices were indigenous to the region26.
Brief Timeline of Events and Interaction with Peripheral States
Own Work (for more info see: Reconsidering Yeha, c. 800–400 BC by Rodolfo Fattovich, pg, 282)
Pottery resembling the style found at Yəḥa, which in Phase 1 was mostly confined to local areas, saw a wider distribution in Phase 2. This spread reached beyond Tigray into Akkele Guzay, suggesting increased interaction and cooperation between the populations of these regions. In contrast, ancient Ona sites in Asmara maintained their distinct ceramic traditions, though fragments of Ona jars have been found in both Akkele Guzay and Tigray. This points to the possibility of trade, while also indicating that the Ona sites & Yəḥa each retained a unique culture and perhaps their own elite classes27.
Therefore, it’s likely that during this period, multiple polities coexisted across the highlands of northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. However, DʿMT and by extension Yəḥa was without doubt one of the most, if not the most, powerful polities in the region at the time.
Conclusion
Yəḥa is one of the most renowned and extensively studied sites of the early classical era in the first millennium BC. Rightfully so, as it contains several important structures, including a grand temple, an elite residence resembling a palace, and burial tombs for the ruling class. Likely among the most urbanised centres of its time, Yəḥa played a pivotal role within the DʿMT kingdom. Despite decades of study, our understanding of the site is still in its early stages, and further discoveries are almost certain. Yəḥa provides some of the earliest evidence of a hierarchical society in the Horn of Africa & was likely the key centrepiece in the history of DʿMT.
Further Readings
Not much information regarding Yəḥa is available, but the following research papers give a decent overview:
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 147).
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 148).
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 150).
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 151).
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 154).
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 153).
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 153).
Yeha and Hawelti: cultural contacts between Saba and DMT - New research by the German Archaeological Institute in Ethiopia by Sarah Japp, Iris Gerlach, Holger Hitgen & Mike Schnelle (pg, 154).
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