In
reconstruction.

A church carved from living rock. Its form follows published plans, with details simplified. The builders, clothing, tools and sequence are illustrative, not a record of its construction.

Architecture: David W. Phillipson, Ancient Churches of Ethiopia (2009), pp. 148–152, figs. 230, 233–235; Hartmut Pascher in L’Art en Éthiopie (2005), pp. 121–127. Rock-cut method (general discussion): Phillipson, p. 194.

Visual cross-check: Zamani Project’s laser-scan documentation.