Rulers & nobility

c. 290 CEContemporary

Endubis1

two-face gold-coin composite with paired profile royal busts and legends.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

4th century CEContemporary

Ethiopian - Coin Depicting an Anonymous King - Walters 59793 - Obverse

single coin obverse shows a crowned frontal royal bust and inscription on a neutral museum background.

Holding: Walters Art Museum, 59.793; obverse

early 4th century CEContemporary

Axum- Aphilas - Münzkabinett, Berlin - 5556640

institutional composite clearly shows both gold-coin faces, each with a crowned royal bust.

Holding: Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Object 2382317; image 5556640

around 300–c. 310 CEContemporary

ENDYBIS bisi Dachy / around 300-ca.310 (No. 1-3)

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 56, printed p. 52, named coin catalogue entry/entries

c. 300–340 CEContemporary

Ezana gold coin with new moon and disc, 300-340 (circa). British Museum. 1989,0518.41

single British Museum coin face shows a crowned frontal royal bust.

Holding: British Museum, 1989,0518.41

4th–5th century CEContemporaryProbable identification

Ouazebas

two-face bronze-coin composite with a royal bust and gilded central motif.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

4th century CEContemporary

Named Ouazebas coin section and visible royal portrait types.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 87, printed p. 83, named coin catalogue entry/entries

early 4th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries include Ousanas (No. 15) and Wzb/Wazeba (No. 16).

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 65, printed p. 61, named coin catalogue entry/entries

early 4th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entry: Ousanas, No. 17b.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 66, printed p. 62, named coin catalogue entry/entries

early 4th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries include Ousanas and Ousanas together with Wzb/Wazeba.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 67, printed p. 63, named coin catalogue entry/entries

early 4th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: Ousanas, Nos. 22-23.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 68, printed p. 64, named coin catalogue entry/entries

4th century CEContemporary

Ethiopian - One of Two Coins Depicting Ousanas and an Anonymous King - Walters 59794

museum photograph clearly shows a crowned profile royal bust on the coin face.

Holding: Walters Art Museum, 59.794

early 4th century CEContemporary

Wazeba 12mm

two-face silver-coin composite with paired royal busts and legends.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons, 12 mm issue

c. 330–365 CEContemporary

Named catalogue entry: Ezana, No. 24.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 76, printed p. 72, named coin catalogue entry/entries

c. 330–365 CEContemporary

Named Ezana-series catalogue entries, Nos. 25-27.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 77, printed p. 73, named coin catalogue entry/entries

c. 330–365 CEContemporary

Named Ezana-series catalogue entries, Nos. 29-30.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 78, printed p. 74, named coin catalogue entry/entries

c. 330–365 CEContemporary

Named Ezana-series catalogue entries, Nos. 32-33.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 79, printed p. 75, named coin catalogue entry/entries

c. 340–400 CEContemporary

Ezana gold coin with cross. British Museum. 1921,0316.1

single British Museum coin face shows a crowned right-facing royal bust.

Holding: British Museum, 1921,0316.1

mid-5th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: King Ebana, Nos. 43-44.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 97, printed p. 93, named coin catalogue entry/entries

mid-5th century CEContemporary

Ebana-period named coin portrait alongside an anonymous comparative type.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 98, printed p. 94, named coin catalogue entry/entries

mid-5th century CEContemporary

Ebana-series named coin portrait and catalogue discussion.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 100, printed p. 96, named coin catalogue entry/entries

5th century CEContemporary

Eon

two-face gold-coin composite with crowned profile royal busts.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

late 5th century CEContemporary

Mhdys

two-face bronze-coin composite with a frontal royal figure and cross reverse.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

late 5th century CEContemporary

Section heading: NEZANA / NEZOOL (later 5th century or 480s to around 500).

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 101, printed p. 97, named coin catalogue entry/entries

late 5th century CEContemporary

Nezana/Nezool-series named coin portrait and catalogue discussion.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 103, printed p. 99, named coin catalogue entry/entries

5th–6th century CEContemporary

Ousas

two-face gold-coin composite with paired crowned profile royal busts.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons, Munro-Hay 85

c. 420s CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: King MHDYS, Nos. 40-41.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 94, printed p. 90, named coin catalogue entry/entries

c. 440–470 CEContemporary

Ebana3

two-face gold-coin composite with paired royal busts and legible peripheral legends.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons, Munro-Hay type 71; BMC Aksum 304

c. 450 CEContemporaryProbable identification

Nezool

two-face gold-coin composite with paired crowned profile royal busts.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

mid-6th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: Alla Amidas, Nos. 69a-b.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 114, printed p. 116, named coin catalogue entry/entries

6th century CEContemporaryProbable identification

Hataz

two-face coin composite, including a standing frontal royal figure and cross reverse.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

late 6th century CEContemporary

Ioel

two-face coin composite with a frontal royal bust and cross-bearing reverse.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

late 6th century CEContemporary

Israel

two-face gold-coin composite with paired crowned royal busts.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

late 6th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entry: Israel, No. 77, alongside an anonymous comparative type.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 124, printed p. 126, named coin catalogue entry/entries

late 6th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entry: Israel, No. 79.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 125, printed p. 127, named coin catalogue entry/entries

early 6th century CEContemporary

The source begins its named Kaleb section and illustrates his royal coin portraits.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 107, printed p. 103, named coin catalogue entry/entries

6th century CEContemporaryTentative identification

Kaleb

two-face silver-coin composite clearly contains royal busts, but the visual alone cannot resolve the Commons Kaleb/Endubis attribution conflict.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

c. 500 CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: Ousana, Ousas and Ousanas, Nos. 56-58.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 104, printed p. 100, named coin catalogue entry/entries

c. 500 CEContemporary

Named catalogue entry: Ousanas, No. 61.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 106, printed p. 102, named coin catalogue entry/entries

6th century CEContemporaryProbable identification

Wazeb

two-face gold-coin composite with paired royal busts; coin is pierced at upper right.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

c. 525–550 CEContemporary

Wazena

two-face bronze-coin composite with crowned royal bust and cross reverse.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

late 550s–560s CEContemporary

Section heading: WAZEN AGAD / ELLA GABAZ late 550s and 560s (No. 73-76).

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 119, printed p. 121, named coin catalogue entry/entries

580s CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: Gersem, Nos. 80-82.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 126, printed p. 128, named coin catalogue entry/entries

580s CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: Gersem, Nos. 82AE-83.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 127, printed p. 129, named coin catalogue entry/entries

590s–at least c. 610 CEContemporary

Section heading: JOEL 590s (and posthumously?) to at least 610 (Nos. 84-90).

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 128, printed p. 130, named coin catalogue entry/entries

early 7th century CEContemporary

Armah

two-face bronze-coin composite; one face carries a standing/crowned royal figure and the other a cross.

Holding: Wikimedia Commons

6th–early 7th century CEContemporary

Named catalogue entries: Armah, Nos. 70-72.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 115, printed p. 117, named coin catalogue entry/entries

6th–early 7th century CEContemporary

Armah-series named royal coin portrait and catalogue discussion.

Holding: Published source; original object/image repository not stated in the retained caption., PDF p. 116, printed p. 118, named coin catalogue entry/entries