Aksumite eraIr 28

An embassy across the Red Sea

A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.

Date
c. 312–316 CE
Place
Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen
Language
Sabaic
Script
Ancient South Arabian

01 · Original text

Sabaic

Ancient South ArabianComplete surviving text

𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩲𐩻𐩩 𐩱𐩦𐩥𐩲 𐩹-𐩢𐩨𐩨[... ...] 𐩱𐩤𐩥𐩡 𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬𐩠𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩥𐩢 𐩥-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩭𐩳𐩡𐩣 𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩻𐩠𐩥𐩬 𐩨𐩲𐩡 𐩱𐩥𐩣 𐩮𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩹-𐩹𐩠𐩨𐩬 𐩹-𐩦𐩰𐩩-𐩠𐩥 𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣 𐩨-𐩹𐩩 𐩱𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩥-𐩠𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩢𐩧𐩣 <𐩨->𐩨𐩧𐩻 𐩢𐩦𐩫-𐩠𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩫𐩧𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩥𐩩𐩧 𐩺𐩠𐩬𐩲𐩣 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩥-𐩢𐩦𐩫-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩩𐩬𐩨𐩡𐩩𐩣 𐩱𐩧𐩳 𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩩 𐩥-𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣𐩬 𐩨-𐩲𐩨𐩧 𐩬𐩴𐩦𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩣𐩧-𐩠𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩱𐩩𐩥 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩱𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩪𐩡𐩣𐩣 𐩥-𐩠𐩹𐩫𐩺 𐩨-𐩲𐩣-𐩠𐩥 𐩩𐩬𐩨𐩡𐩩𐩣 𐩱𐩢𐩺𐩤𐩣 𐩥-𐩸𐩡𐩬𐩪 𐩥-𐩫-𐩭𐩣𐩧 𐩲𐩨𐩵-𐩠𐩥 𐩱𐩩𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩲𐩩 𐩺𐩣𐩩𐩣 𐩨-𐩡𐩡𐩩 𐩥-𐩩𐩱𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩣𐩼𐩱𐩥 𐩨-𐩣𐩭𐩥𐩬 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣
𐩥-𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩫-𐩩𐩱𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩩𐩬𐩨𐩡𐩩𐩬 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 𐩰-𐩱𐩰𐩤 𐩬𐩵𐩬 𐩪𐩨𐩲𐩩 𐩱𐩥𐩧𐩭𐩣 𐩨-𐩨𐩢𐩧𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩫-𐩱𐩪𐩺𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩫𐩧𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩥𐩩𐩧 𐩺𐩠𐩬𐩲𐩣 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩡-𐩺𐩭𐩣𐩧𐩬 𐩲𐩨𐩵-𐩠𐩥 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩲𐩻𐩩 𐩦𐩧𐩢 𐩺𐩵-𐩠𐩥 𐩥-𐩡𐩪𐩬-𐩠𐩥 𐩥-𐩢𐩼𐩺 𐩥-𐩧𐩳𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩫𐩧𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩥𐩩𐩧 𐩺𐩠𐩬𐩲𐩣 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩥-𐩡-𐩭𐩣𐩧-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩻𐩣𐩧𐩣 𐩥-𐩱𐩰𐩤𐩡𐩣 𐩨𐩬 𐩫𐩡 𐩣𐩰𐩬𐩩-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩱𐩧𐩳𐩩-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩨𐩧𐩣 𐩥-𐩦𐩲𐩧𐩣 𐩥-𐩪𐩤𐩺𐩣 𐩬𐩱𐩵𐩣 𐩠𐩬𐩱𐩣 𐩨-𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠

Normalized Unicode reading from the cited edition; editorial brackets and uncertain readings are retained.

Scholarly transliteration

S²rḥʿṯt ʾs²wʿ ḏ-Ḥbb[... ...] ʾqwl s²ʿbnhn Ṣrwḥ w-Ḫwln Ḫḍlm hqnyw mrʾ-hmw ʾlmqh Ṯhwn bʿl ʾwm ṣlmn ḏ-ḏhbn ḏ-s²ft-hw ḥmdm b-ḏt ʾwl-hw w-hwfyn bn bḥrm <b->brṯ ḥs²k-hw mrʾ-hmw Krbʾl Wtr Yhnʿm mlk S¹bʾ w-ḏ-Rydn w-Ḥḍrmwt w-Ymnt w-ḥs²k-hmw tnbltm ʾrḍ Ḥbs²t w-ʾks¹mn b-ʿbr ngs²yn w-ḫmr-hw mrʾ-hmw ʾlmqh ʾtw b-wfym w-ʾwln s¹lmm w-hḏky b-ʿm-hw tnbltm ʾḥyqm w-Zlns¹ w-k-ḫmr ʿbd-hw ʾty s¹bʿt ymtm b-llt w-tʾwl-hmw w-mẓʾw b-Mḫwn b-wfym w-ḥmdw mrʾ-hmw ʾlmqh k-tʾwl-hw b-wfym w-tnbltn ʾḥbs²n f-ʾfq ndn s¹bʿt ʾwrḫm b-bḥrn w-ḥmdw ʾlmqh k-ʾs¹yw mrʾ-hmw Krbʾl Wtr Yhnʿm mlk S¹bʾ w-ḏ-Rydn w-Ḥḍrmwt w-Ymnt b-wfym w-l-yḫmrn ʿbd-hw S²rḥʿṯt s²rḥ yd-hw w-ls¹n-hw w-ḥẓy w-rḍw mrʾ-hmw Krbʾl Wtr Yhnʿm mlk S¹bʾ w-ḏ-Rydn w-Ḥḍrmwt w-Ymnt w-l-ḫmr-hmw ʾṯmrm w-ʾfqlm bn kl mfnt-hmw w-ʾrḍt-hmw brm w-s²ʿrm w-s¹qym nʾdm hnʾm b-ʾlmqh

02 · Translation

English translation

1–2

S²rḥʿṯt ʾs²wʿ he of Ḥbb[... ...] ʾqwl of the two tribes of Ṣrwḥ and Ḫwln Ḫḍlm, dedicated to their Lord ʾlmqh Ṯhwn, Lord of ʾwm, the statue in bronze that he had promised to Him in praise because he came back and was safe from overseas where their lord Krbʾl Wtr Yhnʿm, king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān and Ḥaḍramawt and Ymnt, had dispatched him, and he dispatched them as a delegation to the land of the Abyssinians and the Aksumites, to the negus, and their Lord ʾlmqh granted them to come in safety and get back in peace; he dispatched with him, as a delegation, ʾḥyqm and Zlns¹, and He granted to His servant to come back in seven days and nights and their return, and they proceeded to Mḫwn in safety; they praised their Lord ʾlmqh that he brought him back in safety and the two legates of the Abyssinians (or, the Abyssinian delegation) and He retained the wind for seven months on the sea, and they praised ʾlmqh that they found their lord Krbʾl Wtr Yhnʿm, king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān and Ḥaḍramawt and Ymnt, in safety. May He grant His servant S²rḥʿṯt the protection of his hand and his tongue and the goodwill and the satisfaction of their lord Krbʾl Wtr Yhnʿm, king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān and Ḥaḍramawt and Ymnt, and may He grant them crops and harvests from all their lands and their territories in abundant and sound wheat and barley and irrigated crops. By ʾlmqh.

DASI / CSAI, CSAI; line breaks joined and evident spelling errors corrected. Record data: CC BY 4.0.

Numbers follow Iryānī’s paragraphs rather than the physical lines on the stone.

Sources

Editions & references

Edition, catalogue, and image records used for this entry.

  1. Ir 28

    Ir 28. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.

  2. Aksum and South Arabia

    George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.

Habesha History corpus

Mounir Arbach (ed.), Jérémie Schiettecatte (ed.), Pre-Islamic South Arabia and its Neighbours: New Developments of Research (2015), p. 81

A. Jamme, Sabaean Inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis (Marib) (1962), p. 466