Aksumite eraJa 575

Pursuit of Abyssinian forces

A fragmentary royal dedication recounts a campaign from Ṣanʿāʾ into Sahratān and the coastal country.

Date
3rd century CE
Place
Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen
Language
Sabaic
Script
Ancient South Arabian

01 · Original text

Sabaic

Ancient South ArabianComplete surviving text

𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧𐩢 𐩺𐩢𐩳𐩨 𐩥-𐩱𐩭𐩺-𐩠𐩥 𐩺𐩱𐩸𐩡 𐩨𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩨𐩬𐩺 𐩰𐩧𐩲𐩣 𐩺𐩬𐩠𐩨 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱( 𐩠)[𐩤𐩬𐩺𐩺 ... ... 𐩨]—
𐩬 𐩪𐩭𐩺𐩣𐩣 𐩥-𐩲𐩡𐩺𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩺𐩤𐩬𐩲𐩣 𐩥-𐩱𐩪𐩵-𐩠𐩣𐩺 𐩨-𐩫𐩬 𐩨𐩡𐩩-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧𐩢 𐩺𐩢𐩳𐩨 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 (𐩡)-(𐩴)𐩸𐩣(𐩬 𐩠)𐩣𐩩 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 [... ...𐩣]—
𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩣𐩪-𐩠𐩥 𐩥-𐩹-𐩨𐩬 𐩱𐩤𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩡-𐩬𐩤𐩣 𐩨-𐩠𐩺𐩩 𐩢𐩧𐩨𐩩𐩬 𐩥-𐩠𐩨𐩧𐩧𐩥 𐩡-𐩳𐩨𐩱 𐩨𐩬 𐩠𐩴𐩧𐩬 𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 𐩥-𐩺𐩪𐩧𐩥 𐩨-𐩤𐩵𐩣𐩺-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩵𐩡𐩥𐩡𐩣 𐩡-𐩵𐩡𐩡 𐩱𐩲𐩮𐩵[... ...]
𐩨𐩫𐩡𐩣 𐩥-𐩥𐩧𐩵𐩥 𐩪𐩠𐩧𐩩𐩬 𐩨-𐩲𐩡𐩺 𐩱𐩲𐩮𐩵 𐩵𐩡𐩡𐩥 𐩡-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩠𐩹𐩧𐩥 𐩠𐩣𐩩 𐩱𐩲𐩮𐩵𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩫𐩰𐩡 𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩥𐩢𐩵𐩩 𐩥-𐩼𐩲𐩬𐩥 𐩡-𐩨𐩢𐩧𐩬 𐩥-𐩠𐩵𐩧𐩫-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩨-𐩱𐩻𐩧-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩢𐩧𐩨𐩥 𐩠[𐩣𐩩 ... ... 𐩠]—
𐩣𐩩 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 𐩥-𐩲𐩫𐩣 𐩥-𐩹-𐩫𐩥𐩬 𐩫𐩥𐩬-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩹-𐩪𐩠𐩧𐩩𐩣 𐩣𐩥𐩻𐩨𐩩𐩣 𐩨𐩲𐩵 𐩱𐩥𐩡𐩵-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩤𐩬𐩺-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩺𐩱𐩩𐩩𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩩𐩤𐩵𐩣𐩬 𐩥-𐩧𐩩𐩳𐩢𐩬 𐩨-𐩲𐩣 𐩠𐩣𐩩 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 𐩥-[... ... 𐩥-𐩱]—
𐩥𐩡𐩵-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩱𐩱𐩬𐩻-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩰-𐩠𐩧𐩴𐩥 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩺𐩥 𐩥-𐩨𐩬-𐩠𐩥 𐩰-𐩩𐩱𐩥𐩡𐩥 𐩥-𐩢𐩧𐩨𐩥 𐩨-𐩲𐩺𐩬𐩣 𐩥-𐩠𐩲𐩬 𐩡-𐩹-𐩣𐩭𐩧𐩣 𐩨-𐩲𐩡𐩺-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩹-𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩨𐩬 𐩠𐩣𐩩 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 𐩥-𐩲𐩫𐩣 𐩥-𐩹-𐩪𐩩𐩮𐩧𐩥 𐩨[𐩬 ... ...]
𐩱𐩥𐩣 𐩨-𐩢𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩠𐩧𐩴 𐩥-𐩠𐩪𐩢𐩩𐩬 𐩲𐩬𐩩 𐩠𐩣𐩩 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 𐩥-𐩲𐩫𐩣 𐩥-𐩫𐩡 𐩹-𐩫𐩥𐩬 𐩫𐩥𐩬-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩨𐩬 𐩹-𐩱𐩦𐩲𐩨 𐩹-𐩪𐩠𐩧𐩩𐩣 𐩥-𐩺𐩠𐩧𐩴𐩥 𐩨𐩬-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩣𐩠𐩧𐩴𐩣 𐩹-𐩲𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩹-𐩪𐩱[𐩧... ...]
𐩺𐩩𐩱𐩥𐩡𐩥 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣 𐩥-𐩣𐩠𐩧𐩴𐩣 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩣𐩡𐩩𐩣 𐩥-𐩶𐩬𐩣𐩣 𐩹-𐩲𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣 𐩨-𐩹𐩩 𐩥𐩫𐩨 𐩱𐩭-𐩠𐩥 𐩺𐩱𐩸𐩡 𐩨𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩨-𐩮𐩬𐩲𐩥 𐩥-𐩪𐩡𐩢𐩬 𐩥-𐩨[... ...]

Normalized Unicode reading from the cited edition; editorial brackets and uncertain readings are retained.

Scholarly transliteration

ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb w-ʾḫy-hw Yʾzl Byn mlky S¹bʾ w-ḏ-Rydn bny Frʿm Ynhb mlk S¹bʾ( h)[qnyy ... ... b]— n S¹ḫymm w-ʿlyn bn Yqnʿm w-ʾs¹d-hmy b-kn blt-hmw mrʾ-hmw ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb mlk S¹bʾ w-ḏ-Rydn (l)-(g)zm(n h)mt ʾḥbs²n [... ...m]— lk S¹bʾ w-ḏ-Rydn w-ḫms¹-hw w-ḏ-bn ʾqwl-hw l-nqm b-hyt ḥrbtn w-hbrrw l-ḍbʾ bn hgrn Ṣnʿw w-ys¹rw b-qdmy-hmw dlwlm l-dll ʾʿṣd[... ...] Bklm w-wrdw S¹hrtn b-ʿly ʾʿṣd dllw l-hmw w-hḏrw hmt ʾʿṣdn bn kfl ʿrn Wḥdt w-ẓʿnw l-bḥrn w-hdrk-hmw b-ʾṯr-hmw w-ḥrbw h[mt ... ... h]— mt ʾḥbs²n w-ʿkm w-ḏ-kwn kwn-hmw ḏ-S¹hrtm mwṯbtm bʿd ʾwld-hmw w-qny-hmw w-yʾttmw w-tqdmn w-rtḍḥn b-ʿm hmt ʾḥbs²n w-[... ... w-ʾ]— wld-hmw w-ʾʾnṯ-hmw f-hrgw w-s¹byw w-bn-hw f-tʾwlw w-ḥrbw b-ʿynm w-hʿn l-ḏ-mḫrm b-ʿly-hmw ḏ-s¹ʾr bn hmt ʾḥbs²n w-ʿkm w-ḏ-s¹tṣrw b[n ... ...] ʾwm b-ḥs¹m w-hrg w-hs¹ḥtn ʿnt hmt ʾḥbs²n w-ʿkm w-kl ḏ-kwn kwn-hmw bn ḏ-ʾs²ʿb ḏ-S¹hrtm w-yhrgw bn-hmw mhrgm ḏ-ʿs¹m w-ḏ-s¹ʾ[r... ...] ytʾwlw b-wfym w-ḥmdm w-mhrgm w-s¹bym w-mltm w-ġnmm ḏ-ʿs¹m w-ḥmdm b-ḏt wkb ʾḫ-hw Yʾzl Byn mlk S¹bʾ w-ḏ-Rydn b-Ṣnʿw w-S¹lḥn w-b[... ...]

02 · Translation

English translation

1–6

ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb and his brother Yzʾl Byn, kings of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, sons of Frʿm Ynhb, king of Sabaʾ dedicated [... ...] of the clan S¹ḫymm and ʿlyn of the clan Yqnʿm and their troops, when their lord ʾls²rḥ Yḥḍb, king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, sent them to extirpate those Abyssinians [... ...] king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, and his army and some of his ʾqwl to take reprisals in that battle. And they took the field to fight (starting) from the city of Ṣanʿāʾ, and they sent ahead of them scouts in order to bring report of the enemy concentration [... ...] Bklm, and they went down to S¹hrtn against the enemy concentration (which the scouts) had reported to them, and posed a strategic threat to those concentrations from the flank (?) of the mountain of Wḥdt, and (the enemies) moved into the coastland, but (the Sabaean forces) pursued them on their track and brought them to battle [... ...] those Abyssinians and ʿkm and some folk of the sedentaries of the S¹hrtm who had given help to them, after their children and their flocks. And they (the Sabaeans) regrouped, came to a confrontation and engaged in battle with those Abyssinians and [... ...] and as for their children and their women, they were killed or taken captive. And after that, (the Sabaeans) turned back and mounted operations at ʿynm, and on the day following, some of the survivors of those Abyssinians and ʿkm mounted an offensive against them, together with reinforcements which they had summoned to their aid [... ...]

7–8

... with the decisive defeat and killing and routing of the offensive contingent of those Abyssinians and ʿkm, and all those who had given help to them among the tribes of S¹hrtm, and they inflicted among them killings in great quantities [... ...] they returned in safety and with glory and with killing, captives, loot and booty in great quantities; and in praise because he encountered his brother Yʾzl Byn, king of Sabaʾ and ḏu-Raydān, in Ṣanʿāʾ and in (the palace) S¹lḥn and [... ...]

DASI / CSAI, CSAI; line breaks joined and evident spelling errors corrected. Record data: CC BY 4.0.

Sources

Editions & references

Edition, catalogue, and image records used for this entry.

  1. Ja 575 Geukens 7; Ry 539; MaMB 224; ZI 55

    Ja 575 Geukens 7; Ry 539; MaMB 224; ZI 55. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.

  2. Aksum and South Arabia

    George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.

Habesha History corpus

A. Jamme, Sabaean Inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis (Marib) (1962), p. 38

A. Jamme, Sabaean Inscriptions from Mahram Bilqis (Marib) (1962), p. 42