Aksumite eraRIÉ 185 II

ʿEzana’s Beja campaign and royal titulary

The royal text names ʿEzana’s dominions and commemorates the defeat, provisioning, and resettlement of Beja groups under six subordinate kings.

Date
first half of the 4th century CE
Place
Aksum, Ethiopia
Language
Geʿez
Script
Ethiopic

01 · Original text

Geʿez

EthiopicExcerpt · opening titulary, lines 1–4

ዐዘነ ነገሠ አከሰመ [ወ]ሐመየረ ወከሰ ወሰበአ ወሐበሠተ ወረየደነ ወሰለሐ ወጸየመ ወበገ ነገሠ ነገሠተ ወለደ መሐረመ ዘ[አ]የተመወአ

Normalized transcription from the cited reading; original letterforms appear in the image.

Scholarly transliteration

ʿzn ngś ʾksm [w]ḥmyr wks wsbʾ wḥbśt wrydn wslḥ wṣym wbg ngś ngśt wld mḥrm z[ʾ]ytmwʾ

02 · Translation

English translation

ʿEzana, king of Aksum, Himyar, Kāsū, Sabaʾ, Ḥabašat, Raydān, Salḥēn, Ṣeyāmō, and Bega; king of kings, son of unconquered Maḥrem…

English rendering after Beta Maṣāḥǝft, RIÉ 185 II (CC BY-SA 4.0); compared with Binyam and Krebs (2024), p. 14.

The displayed main text remains an aligned excerpt; the witness below supplies the checked complete translation. The displayed main text remains an aligned excerpt; the witness below supplies the checked complete translation. The displayed main text remains an aligned excerpt; the witness below supplies the checked complete translation.

03 · Parallel texts

Other language witnesses

Surviving versions remain separate so their texts and translations can be compared.

01Complete English translationGeʿez · Ethiopic
Originalcomplete surviving text as translated in Drewes’s Traduction section; line numbers, lacunae, supplied text, and alternatives retained

Native-script transcription is not available here.

Complete English translation. The original text is preserved in the cited edition and artifact image.

English translation

1. <We,> ʿEzana, king of Aksum, Ḥimyar, Raydān, Ḥabašat, and Sabaʾ, and 2. of Salḥe<n>, Ṣeyāmo, Kāsū, and Bega, king of kings, son of Maḥram, who is not 3. defeated <by the enemy>, when the people of Bega revolted, we sent our brothers Saʿazana and Hadefa to 4. make war on them. When they arrived in their country, six kings with their troops submitted. 5. When they had submitted, they deported them from their country, with their children, their women, 6. their troops, and their cattle—the number of the people of the 7. six kings being (gap for numerals), and of their cattle 8. (gap for numerals), and of their sheep and pack animals (gap for numerals)— 9. feeding them, from the day on which they had brought them out of their country, 10. each day (gap for numerals) loaves of spelt bread and meat 11. sufficient for them, and giving them beer and wine to drink to satiety, 12. for four months. When they arrived at Aksum, 13. with us, we clothed them—the whole of their people—we presented ornaments 14. to their kings, and we sent them to settle in the land 15. MḌ, a region of our country. We ordered that they be fed there, and we 16. allotted to each king (gap for numerals) cattle, that is, 17. for the six [kings] (gap for numerals). And we offered 18. to Maḥram, who begot us, in thanksgiving, one golden statue, 19. one silver [statue and three bronze statues]. We wrote this 20. inscription, we erected [it and offered it] to ʿAstar [and] 21. to Baḥer and [to Maḥram, who begot us. And] if anyone 22. destroys this stone, may [he be blinded and …], 23. may he, his family, and his children be driven from his country, 24. and may he be cu[t off from …]. And just as 25. we erected [this stone], may it be propitious 26. for us and for our [country, forever].

Habesha History translation of Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), pp. 197–198.

Fresh English translation made directly from Drewes’s French Traduction section; line numbers, lacunae, supplied text, and alternatives are retained.

Open witness source

Sources

Editions & references

Edition, catalogue, and image records used for this entry.

  1. RIÉ 185 and 270

    RIÉ 185 and 270 — Beta maṣāḥǝft / Hiob-Ludolf-Zentrum für Äthiopistik; CC BY-SA 4.0

Habesha History corpus

Yonatan Binyam and Verena Krebs, Ethiopia and the World, 330–1500 CE, p. 14

Abraham J. Drewes, Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie III.B, p. 197