Aksumite eraRIÉ 187

ʿEzana’s campaign against the ʾAgʷəzāt

A vocalized-Geʿez royal inscription narrates ʿEzana’s campaign against the ʾAgʷəzāt, including troop movements, captives, and named encampments.

Date
fourth century CE
Place
Aksum, Ethiopia
Language
Geʿez
Script
Ethiopic

01 · Original text

Geʿez

EthiopicComplete surviving text

ዔዛና፡ ወልደ፡ እሌ፡ ዐሚዳ፡ ብእስየ፡ ሐሌን፡ ንጉሠ፡ አክ
ሱም፡ ወዘ፡ ሕሜር፡ ወዘ፡ ረይዳን፡ ወዘ፡ ሰበእ፡ ወዘ፡ ሰልሔን፡ ወ
ዘ፡ ጽያሞ፡ ወዘ፡ ብጋ፡ ወዘ፡ ካሱ፡ ንጉሠ፡ ነገሥት፡ ወ
ልደ፡ መሕርም፡ ዘእይትመዋ፡ ለፀር፡ ፀብኡ፡ አጔዛተ፡
ወበጺሖሙ፡ እንገቦ፡ በህየ፡ ረከበነ፡ አበአልክዖ፡ ንጉሠ፡ አጔዛ
ት፡ ምስለ፡ ሕዝቡ፡ ወቦአ፡ ጋዳ፡ ወበጺሐነ፡ ዐልያ፡ መኅደረ፡ ደ
ወለ፡ አተገው፡ አውዐልነ፡ ገመለ፡ ወእንስሳ፡ ወዕደ፡ ወአንስተ፡ ወ
ሥንቀ፡ ለዕለተ፡ ዕሥራ፡ ፳፡ ወበሥልስተ፡ በጸሕነ፡ […]
□□ሁ፡ ዐረዝነሆሙ፡ ለአጔዛት፡ እለ፡ መጽኡ፡ ምስለ፡ አበአልክዖ፡
ንጉሠ፡ አጔዛት፡ ወእለእለ፡ ዐረዝነ፡ አኀዝነ፡ ወሞቀሕነ፡ ወለ
አበአልክዖ፡ ንጉሠ፡ አጔዛት፡ በከ፡ ኀደግናሁ፡ ኢሞቀሕና
ሁ፡ ምስለ፡ ጸዋሬ፡ መንበሩ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ኮነናሆሙ፡ ለሰር
ዌ፡ መሐዛ፡ ወለነገሥተ፡ ሰራዊት፡ ከመ፡ ይሖሩ፡ ወየዐ
ሉ፡ ወይሖሩ፡ ወይቢቱ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ፈነዉ፡ ሰርዌ፡ መ
ሐዛ፡ ወሰርዌ፡ ምጢን፡ ወደሐሩ፡ ነፍስተ፡ ወአዘዙዎ
ሙ፡ ይሖሩ፡ ይቅትሉ፡ አጔዛተ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ለመግደል፡ ▧
▧፡ ፈገለ፡ ወመልኡ፡ ዐሰል፡ ወመልኡ፡ እርግ፡ ወመ▧
▧፡ እርግ፡ ዘረከቡ፡ ወወፅኡ፡ ዐቀበ፡ ዐጸል፡ ወ▧▧፡
▧ፈለገ፡ ነዱ፡ ወቀተሉ፡ ዘረከቡ፡ ወእምህየ፡ በጽሑ፡
ደወለ፡ አገዳ፡ እዘ፡ ይቀትሉ፡ ወይፄውዉ፡ ወይመሀር
ኩ፡ ወደገሙ፡ ፈነወ፡ ሰርዌ፡ ዳኬን፡ ወደሐሩዎ፡ ወ
አዘዙዎ፡ ይብጸሕ፡ ሥዕዞት፡ ወእምሥዕዞት፡
ይትጋሐሡ፡ በተብንያ፡ ወይወርዱ፡ እለ፡ ይወርዱ፡
ወተራከቡ፡ ሠለሰቱ፡ ሰራዋት፡ ዳኬን፡ ወሐራ፡ ወ
ምጢን፡ በአደቦ፡ ወእምዝ፡ ፈነዉ፡ ሰርዌ፡ ሐራ፡
ወደሐሩዎ፡ ወአዘዙዎ፡ ይሖር፡ እንተ፡ ዘወዐተ፡ ወእ▧፡
…ሰ፡ ፈነዉ፡ ሰርዌ፡ ለኬን፡ ወደሐሩዎ፡ ወአዘዙዎ፡ ይሖ
ር፡ እንተ፡ ዐጸቦ፡ ወይወፅእ፡ ዐቀበ፡ ጡጥሖ፡ ወይወርድ፡ ወ▧፡
…ሓዛት፡ ወይመልእ፡ ለዋ፡ ወይወርድ፡ በዐስየ፡ …፡
…ሕ፡ ወድሙረ፡ ተንሥኡ፡ እምሐዛባ፡ ወኀደሩ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ወወዐሉ፡
ወሖሩ፡ ወቤቱ፡ ወአፈ፡ ጽባሕ፡ ቀተል…፡
…፡ ምግባአ፡ መራድ፡ መቀኖ፡ ወሖሩ፡ ሠለስቱ፡
ሰራዊት፡ …ጸ፡ ሮደ፡ ምስሌሆሙ፡ ምስለ፡ …፡
…ፈለገ፡ ምስለ፡ ፈልሐ፡ ወጽረአ፡ ▧፡
…፡ መገ▧፡ ዐ…፡
…ሐመ፡ መ…፡
…ለ…፡ ዘ…፡

Complete vocalized Geʿez from Beta maṣāḥǝft; line breaks follow those recorded in the edition. The edition supplies a transliteration only for the surviving opening of the second, South Arabian-script face; it is not a line-for-line transliteration of the complete Ethiopic face.

Scholarly transliteration

ʿezānā walda ʾǝle ʿamidā bǝʾsǝya ḥalen nǝguśa ʾak sum waza ḥǝmer waza raydān waza sabaʾ waza salḥen wa za ṣǝyāmo waza bǝgā waza kāsu nǝguśa nagaśt wa ....

02 · Translation

English reading

1. [ʿEzānā, son of ʾƎlle ʿAmidā, the man of Ḥalen, king] 2. [of Aksum and of Ḥəmer and of Raydān and of Sabaʾ and of Salḥen and] 3. [of Ṣəyāmo] and of Bəgā and of Kāsu, king [of kings, son] 4. of Maḥrəm, who is not defeated by the enemy, made war on the ʾA[gʷəzāt]. 5. When we had arrived at ʾƎngabo, ʾAbaʾalkaʿo, king of the ʾA[gʷəzāt], came to meet us there 6. with his people, and he presented gifts (or: “offered himself as tribute”). Having arrived at ʿAlyā, the encampment of 7. the region of the ʾAtagaw, we hired camels, pack animals, men and wom[en], and <procured> 8. provisions for twenty days. On the third day after our arrival, […], 9. we clothed the ʾAgʷəzāt who had come with ʾAbaʾa[lkaʿo], 10. king of the ʾAgʷəzāt. And those whom we had clothed, we seized and chained. As for 11. [ʾAbaʾa]lkaʿo, king of the ʾAgʷəzāt, him alone we let go and did not chain, <neither him> 12. nor the bearer of his throne. Then we ordered the regiment 13. Maḥazā and the commanders of the regiments to march by day 14. and by night. Then we sent the regiment 15. Ma[ḥa]zā and the regiment Məṭin. We rallied the regiment Nafast and ordered [them] 16. to go and fight the ʾAgʷəzāt. They set out to fight […]; they continued toward ʿAsal and toward ʾƎrag, and they ar[rived at] 17. […], 18. ʾƎrag, <and they killed> those whom they found. They went out toward the pass of ʿAsal and […], 19. the river Nadu, and they killed those whom they found. From there they arrived 20. in the [re]gion of (or: of the) ʾAgadā, killing, taking captives, and taking booty. 21. We again sent the regiment Dāken; we rallied it, and we 22. ordered it to go to Śəʿəzot. From 23. Śə[ʿəzot] they divided at Tabənyā, and some descended. 24. The three regiments Dāken, Ḥarā, and 25. [Mə]ṭin joined at ʾAdabo. Then we sent the regiment Ḥarā, 26. we [rallied] it, and we ordered it to march toward Zawaʿatā. 27. [Then] we sent the regiment Lāken; we rallied it, and 28. we ordered it to march toward ʿAṣabo, going out toward the pass of Ṭuṭḥo, descending […], 29. young men (?), continuing toward Lawā and descending by ʿAsyā […], 30. Together they departed from Ḥazābā; they camped [and marched] 31. [by day] and by night. At dawn they fought […], 32. […] the base camp Maqano. The three 33. [regiments] marched […] they made an expedition with them, with […], 34. […] the river with <the regiments> Falḥa and Ṣərāʾa. 35–37. [The rest of the text is almost entirely illegible.]

Habesha History translation of Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), pp. 216–217.

Fresh English translation made directly from Drewes’s French Traduction section; line numbers, lacunae, supplied text, and alternatives are retained.

Sources

Editions & references

Follow the record back to the edition, catalogue, or image source used here.

  1. RIÉ 187

    RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 255-258; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 113-115; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 215-228

Habesha History corpus

Abraham J. Drewes, Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie III.B (2019), pp. 215–228