Aksumite eraRIÉ 191

Kaleb’s African and Himyarite campaigns

Kaleb’s Geʿez inscription in South Arabian script recounts African campaigns, an expedition toward Himyar, and the foundation of a Christian sanctuary.

Date
early sixth century CE
Place
Aksum, Ethiopia
Language
Geʿez in South Arabian-derived script
Script
Ancient South Arabian

01 · Original text

Geʿez in South Arabian-derived script

Ancient South Arabianselected aligned excerpts

𐩱𐩴𐩸𐩱𐩨𐩢𐩧 𐩭𐩺𐩡 𐩥-𐩮𐩬𐩲 𐩱𐩴𐩸𐩱𐩨𐩢𐩧 𐩭𐩺𐩡 𐩥𐩪𐩩 𐩳𐩨𐩱 […] 𐩬𐩴𐩦 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩢𐩣𐩧 𐩥-𐩸-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩪𐩡𐩢𐩬 𐩥-𐩷𐩵𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩥-𐩩𐩠𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩫𐩡 𐩲𐩧𐩨𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩨𐩴 𐩥-𐩬𐩨 𐩥-𐩸-𐩫𐩪 𐩥-𐩮𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩵𐩧𐩨𐩩

The original and transliteration show an excerpt; the English gives the complete surviving translation.

Scholarly transliteration

ʾgzʾbḥr ḫyl w-ṣnʿ ʾgzʾbḥr ḫyl ws¹t ḍbʾ […] ngš ʾksm w-Ḥmr w-z-Rydn w-Sbʾ w-Slḥn w-Ṭdm w-z-Ymnt w-Thmt w-Ḥḍrmwt w-kl ʿrbm w-z-Bg w-Nb w-z-Ks w-Ṣym w-z-Drbt

02 · Translation

English reading

God is power and strength, God is power—Cross in battles. With the power of God and with the grace of Jesus Christ, son of God, the Victor, in whom I believe, He who gave me a kingdom with power, with which I subjected my enemies and I trampled the heads of those who despise me, He who has looked over me since my childhood and has placed me on the throne of my fathers, who has saved me. I have sought protection near Him, Christ, so that I succeed in all my endeavours and that I live in The One who pleases my soul. With the help of the Trinity, that of the Father, the Son, and of the Holy Ghost, me, Kālēb ʾElla Aṣbəḥa, son of Tazenā, man of Lzn, king of Aksūm and Ḥa[mēr], of Raydān, Sabaʾ, Salḥīn, and Ṭawdum, of Yamnat, Tihāmat, Ḥaḍramawt, and of all the Arabs, of Bəgā and Nobā, of Kasū and Ṣəyāmo, of Drbt […]t and of the Land of Ethiopia {ʾtfy}, servant of Christ who is not vanquished by the enemy. With the help of [G]od, I waged war against the Agwēzāt and Ḥst […]; I waged war by dividing my tribes {ʾḥzb, aḥzāb}, those who must fight the Nqḥt Sbʿ.wm, and I sent those who must wage war against the Nqḥt(ʾ)gt, and they defeated (?) the troops of the Gn, Mṭn, Ṣ.t, and z-ʿml. And me, I waged war with the troops of my country and, with Dkn, I defeated (?) the ʿfr, in conflict (?) with Ḥr, Dkn, .ḥ, Nsn, and Br; they went by day and they went by night and fought … and … Grʿd; they fought the .ṭrn and they fought the Agwēzāt, who believe wrongly. I sent the Atagaw, the Gṭl and the […] to fig[ht] […] and the Mʿt and the Gw. I sent Falḥa and Zbw who […] {to} fight the Ḥst. As for me, I followed with my officers and with my tr[ibes] […] within the enclosure of the expedition’s camp […]. The troops attacked, [captured] booty, by the power of God. From there, myself, while […] and they captured their men ʾgdr […] to the Ḥst and the Agwēzāt; and I ordered to bring the nobles of their country, [s]o that I impose my law; as for me, I sent a message and I established myself at […] with […]. There, nobles from their countries arrived with their gifts and I imposed my law […] [t]en hundreds (figures) and […] (figures). As for the cattle taken by z-ʾgws, I ordered that z-Ṣly and the nobles return them (figures), and I made Ḥzgh king over the Agwēzāt […] their king in the expedition. {The number} of slain of the Agwēzāt and the Ḥst was: men, in the hundreds (numbers), women and children in the hundreds (figures); {the number of} captives, men, women, and children was: in the hundreds (figures); the total number of slain and captives was in the hundreds (figures); and the booty: cattle, in the hundreds (figures), camels (figures). This, God, in whom I place my [trust], gave it to me. […] He granted me a great name, so that I wage war on Ḥamēr. I sent Ḥayyān Slbn za-Samīr with my tribes. And I founded a sanctuary in Ḥamēr, at ʿqnʾl, filled with zeal for the name of the Son of God in whom I believe; his gbz, I built {it} and consecrated {it}, by the power of God. And God revealed to me his holiness. I am sitting on this throne which […], and I placed {it} under the protection of [G]od, creator of heaven and earth. If anyone destroyed it, took {it} away, and smashed {it}, the one who destroyed and removed, may God remove him with […] and with a reverential fear {sbs, Greek sebas} […].

Christian Julien Robin, in Greg Fisher (ed.), Arabs and Empires before Islam (2015), pp. 155–156, text 3.13.

The exact RIÉ 191 artifact image is not available from a confirmed corpus source in this release; no substitute image is used.

Sources

Editions & references

Follow the record back to the edition, catalogue, or image source used here.

  1. RIÉ 191

    RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 271-274; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 271—274; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 129—132; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 248–255

Habesha History corpus

Abraham J. Drewes, Recueil des inscriptions de l’Éthiopie III.B (2019), pp. 248–255