418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
RIÉ 13RIÉ 13Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Unknown (Ethiopia), Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this royal dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Unknown (Ethiopia), Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 671.
[... ... 𐩡𐩣]𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬
RIÉ 14RIÉ 14Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a throne of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1658.
|𐩧𐩰𐩦|
RIÉ 15RIÉ 15Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1641.
𐩥𐩲[𐩧𐩬]
RIÉ 16RIÉ 16Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASIHawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1625.
[... ...](𐩲)𐩧𐩫(𐩺)[𐩩𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 17RIÉ 17Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASIHawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia.
[... ...]𐩣[... ...]𐩲𐩧[𐩫𐩩𐩬 ((𐩲𐩧𐩫𐩺𐩩𐩬))... ...]
RIÉ 18RIÉ 18Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Aksum, Museum.
[... ...]𐩥𐩲(𐩧𐩬) 𐩨((𐩳))𐩧 𐩣𐩺𐩱 𐩡-𐩥[... ...]
RIÉ 19RIÉ 19Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a altar of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1363.
𐩥𐩲[𐩧𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 20RIÉ 20Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 63.
[... ...]𐩲𐩹(𐩨)𐩣((𐩲𐩹(𐩱)𐩣)) [... ...]
RIÉ 21RIÉ 21Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 114.
[... ...]𐩡 𐩰𐩩𐩢𐩺[𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 22RIÉ 22Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 241.
[... ... 𐩰]𐩤𐩣[𐩣 ... ...]
RIÉ 23RIÉ 23Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia.
[𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠𐩣𐩥] 𐩥-𐩡𐩢[𐩺 𐩨]—
RIÉ 24RIÉ 24Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 113.
𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠[𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩡𐩢𐩺 𐩨]—
RIÉ 25RIÉ 25Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 62.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬
RIÉ 26RIÉ 26Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 100.
[... ... 𐩴](𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬)[𐩠𐩬]
RIÉ 27RIÉ 27Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 112.
[.]𐩣𐩣 𐩴𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬𐩠𐩬
RIÉ 28RIÉ 28Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 105.
[... ...]𐩲[... ...]𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺|
RIÉ 29RIÉ 29Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 101.
[...] 𐩨𐩬 𐩰𐩤𐩣(𐩣) [𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩱𐩡](𐩣)[𐩤𐩠]
RIÉ 30RIÉ 30Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 110.
𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠𐩣𐩥 ←𐩥-𐩡𐩢𐩺 𐩨𐩬 𐩰𐩤𐩣—
RIÉ 31RIÉ 31Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 111.
𐩺𐩡𐩨𐩨
RIÉ 33 ARIÉ 33 AEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 2398.
𐩣𐩣𐩪 𐩥-𐩠𐩩[.]↯𐩬 <𐩠>𐩤𐩬𐩺𐩥→ 𐩺𐩰𐩲𐩣 𐩨-𐩢𐩥 𐩬↯𐩰𐩪-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩬𐩰[𐩪 𐩱]𐩡𐩱𐩪 𐩥-
RIÉ 33 BRIÉ 33 BEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 2398.
[... ...] 𐩥-𐩲↯𐩪𐩩𐩧 𐩥-𐩬𐩧𐩥
RIÉ 34RIÉ 34Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a incense burner (mqṭr) of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
𐩢𐩵𐩥𐩪𐩬 ←𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩲𐩺𐩨𐩪
RIÉ 35RIÉ 35Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a with bull head as gutter of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
𐩺𐩷𐩭𐩵 𐩨𐩬 𐩴𐩢𐩵𐩨𐩺 𐩠𐩤𐩬←𐩺 𐩠𐩥𐩨𐩪|←[𐩣]𐩲𐩬𐩬𐩬
RIÉ 36RIÉ 36Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a lintel of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
[... ...]𐩬 𐩨[𐩬 ]↯𐩱𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩨𐩬 𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬↯ 𐩥-𐩨𐩦𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩲𐩹𐩩𐩣 𐩲𐩧𐩫𐩺𐩩𐩬
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
61–120 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedicatory fragment. The beginning, ending, and part of the divine name are lost; brackets retain the edition’s restoration.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe area, Eritrea; excavated in Mound B room 33, not in situ · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Cultic or royal names; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E2 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The same letter sequence names the tribe Bakīl elsewhere, but the edition considers a personal name more likely here.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E 1, locus 43 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the monument C · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound F · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Name; other marks uninterpreted. Two m signs on the right-hand stone remain uninterpreted.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Dibdib · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the three-line dedication. DWL may designate a locality, region, people, or tribe; the edition does not resolve which.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dibdib, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedication with editorial restoration. The lost verb could have been singular or plural. <This stone> is supplied from the object, not a surviving word.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the surviving three-line dedication. <This stone> is supplied from the object. HYW is probably a co-dedicant.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain personal-name fragment. A damaged word may be a personal name; the letters in the second line remain uninterpreted.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Barachit, Debub, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dera, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of two short texts. The divine names in Text II are probable readings; the etymology of YGDY is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The name is otherwise unknown; its proposed compound structure has no convincing etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preferred identification within an uncertain text. Drewes prefers a personal-name interpretation of ḤYWT over Littmann’s tentative ‘for the life of ʾAgʷabat’; the exact form and etymology of the other names remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are offered; the root is secure but the final consonant is not.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Kelette Afa, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. GʿSY may be a local name; its etymology is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 91 and 124–126.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two preserved personal names. The etymology of ḤDBR remains uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two partly legible names from four texts. Only the names in Texts II and III are more or less legible; the reading and derivation of both remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two surviving words. Only the kinship phrase and name remain legible.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 97 and has South Arabian parallels.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. WDGLY is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; MʿDʾL is well attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are possible; the inscription does not decide between them.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 94.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. Its grammatical form and interpretation remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving first line and proposed name gloss. The patronymic is lost after the kinship term.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested as a South Arabian personal name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The edition compares related names in RIÉ 9, 12, and 79.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable local personal name. Drewes rejects Jamme’s reading and the translation ‘ʾAbih has slept [here].’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted fragment. The fragmentary text does not permit an interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Partly legible personal name. A personal name is probable, but it is only partly readable and is not transcribed securely.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The verb is interpreted from the root wdd, ‘love’; the linguistic classification remains discussed in the commentary.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two probable personal names. Both etymologies remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published formula with abbreviated divine name. The preserved letters DḤ are understood as an abbreviation of the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible remains of a known formula. The graffito is incomplete and difficult to read; the formula depends on the tentative reading of its first two letters.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and lexical gloss. The related Arabic root can also mean ‘be indulgent.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested in South Arabia; QṢRY has a different possible derivation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain possible personal name. If the word is read ḥwʾr, it may share a root with WʿRN, but the reading itself is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and preferred gloss. The edition prefers derivation from the Ethiopian root ʾkl, ‘suffice,’ over a root meaning ‘eat’; a pronominal suffix would yield ‘it will suffice for him.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The final r is not certain and the exact meaning of the underlying verb remains unresolved.
