418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
RIÉ 13RIÉ 13Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Unknown (Ethiopia), Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this royal dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Unknown (Ethiopia), Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 671.
[... ... 𐩡𐩣]𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬
RIÉ 14RIÉ 14Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a throne of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1658.
|𐩧𐩰𐩦|
RIÉ 15RIÉ 15Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1641.
𐩥𐩲[𐩧𐩬]
RIÉ 16RIÉ 16Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASIHawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1625.
[... ...](𐩲)𐩧𐩫(𐩺)[𐩩𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 17RIÉ 17Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASIHawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia.
[... ...]𐩣[... ...]𐩲𐩧[𐩫𐩩𐩬 ((𐩲𐩧𐩫𐩺𐩩𐩬))... ...]
RIÉ 18RIÉ 18Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Aksum, Museum.
[... ...]𐩥𐩲(𐩧𐩬) 𐩨((𐩳))𐩧 𐩣𐩺𐩱 𐩡-𐩥[... ...]
RIÉ 19RIÉ 19Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a altar of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1363.
𐩥𐩲[𐩧𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 20RIÉ 20Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 63.
[... ...]𐩲𐩹(𐩨)𐩣((𐩲𐩹(𐩱)𐩣)) [... ...]
RIÉ 21RIÉ 21Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 114.
[... ...]𐩡 𐩰𐩩𐩢𐩺[𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 22RIÉ 22Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 241.
[... ... 𐩰]𐩤𐩣[𐩣 ... ...]
RIÉ 23RIÉ 23Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia.
[𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠𐩣𐩥] 𐩥-𐩡𐩢[𐩺 𐩨]—
RIÉ 24RIÉ 24Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 113.
𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠[𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩡𐩢𐩺 𐩨]—
RIÉ 25RIÉ 25Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 62.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬
RIÉ 26RIÉ 26Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 100.
[... ... 𐩴](𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬)[𐩠𐩬]
RIÉ 27RIÉ 27Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 112.
[.]𐩣𐩣 𐩴𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬𐩠𐩬
RIÉ 28RIÉ 28Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 105.
[... ...]𐩲[... ...]𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺|
RIÉ 29RIÉ 29Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 101.
[...] 𐩨𐩬 𐩰𐩤𐩣(𐩣) [𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩱𐩡](𐩣)[𐩤𐩠]
RIÉ 30RIÉ 30Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 110.
𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠𐩣𐩥 ←𐩥-𐩡𐩢𐩺 𐩨𐩬 𐩰𐩤𐩣—
RIÉ 31RIÉ 31Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 111.
𐩺𐩡𐩨𐩨
RIÉ 33 ARIÉ 33 AEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 2398.
𐩣𐩣𐩪 𐩥-𐩠𐩩[.]↯𐩬 <𐩠>𐩤𐩬𐩺𐩥→ 𐩺𐩰𐩲𐩣 𐩨-𐩢𐩥 𐩬↯𐩰𐩪-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩬𐩰[𐩪 𐩱]𐩡𐩱𐩪 𐩥-
RIÉ 33 BRIÉ 33 BEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 2398.
[... ...] 𐩥-𐩲↯𐩪𐩩𐩧 𐩥-𐩬𐩧𐩥
RIÉ 34RIÉ 34Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a incense burner (mqṭr) of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
𐩢𐩵𐩥𐩪𐩬 ←𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩲𐩺𐩨𐩪
RIÉ 35RIÉ 35Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a with bull head as gutter of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
𐩺𐩷𐩭𐩵 𐩨𐩬 𐩴𐩢𐩵𐩨𐩺 𐩠𐩤𐩬←𐩺 𐩠𐩥𐩨𐩪|←[𐩣]𐩲𐩬𐩬𐩬
RIÉ 36RIÉ 36Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a lintel of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
[... ...]𐩬 𐩨[𐩬 ]↯𐩱𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩨𐩬 𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬↯ 𐩥-𐩨𐩦𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩲𐩹𐩩𐩣 𐩲𐩧𐩫𐩺𐩩𐩬
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
121–180 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two names with one alternative reading. The first reading is insecure; DMLY is clear but its etymology is unknown.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. It may be local; its root and exact form are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and lexical relation. The final n may be South Arabian nunation; the name may nevertheless be local.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 117.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names are probably local; their precise verbal derivations remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation with uncertain principal name. The reading BQLNYʾ is not entirely certain; the father’s name is well attested.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is well attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The father’s name is local and of uncertain etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The etymology is uncertain; the same name occurs in RIÉ 95, 124, and 128.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation with restored patronymic. The father’s name is restored from RIÉ 95.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of a fragmentary text. The first name’s completion is uncertain and the remaining names are too fragmentary for etymological interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The same text occurs in RIÉ 89.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted fragment. The text is too fragmentary to interpret.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Problematic graffito with possible personal names. The proposed reading GFN is possible, but a following bn was not identified and the remaining readings are insecure.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Conditional interpretation of line 1. The reading depends on treating the initial aleph as a symbol; line 2 is uninterpreted.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Single recognizable word. Only the kinship term bn is recognized.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. ʿWB is identified as a local divinity.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The cited Arabic derivations, ‘bind’ or ‘gift,’ are proposals rather than a settled gloss.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both the reading and etymology are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible personal-name fragment. The edition compares YLM elsewhere, but the surviving reading here is incomplete.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved but not fully certain personal name. The name is probably South Arabian in origin, but the reading and etymology are not fully certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name appears in the preceding entry.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. SFḤN is probably a local personal name despite its South Arabian ending.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Unidentifiable personal-name fragment. A personal name probably followed the symbol, but too few letters remain to identify it.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names may be local. Several verbal glosses are discussed for MRḤK, including ‘he protected you’ and ‘he guided you,’ but none is certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of Text I. GRWHTN is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; Text II is too fragmentary to identify its name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. Several South Arabian and Ethiopian lexical comparisons are discussed without a definitive gloss.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. ḤBS is considered South Arabian in origin; WHBM also occurs in RIÉ 135.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is also attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Unidentifiable personal name. The name is too damaged to identify.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Recognizable remains of a formula. Only remnants of the formula are preserved.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name probably derives from the same root as ḤQN in RIÉ 107.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain graffito. Both reading and interpretation are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The reading of YWḎRʿ is explicitly conditional; both personal names have uncertain etymologies.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. The text appears to contain only these divine names, perhaps preceded by a symbol.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving phrase. YŠG is considered a local personal name of unknown etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. A separator precedes ḤBS, perhaps with a symbol before it.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. YNŠ is a local personal name; the understood subject of the second clause is the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The connotation is unclear; the commentary compares a traditional oath formula.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. GBLM is probably a local personal name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. LNʾ is a local personal name; the verbal subject is understood as DṮ ḤMN, and final -m adds emphasis.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and tentative gloss. The name may be South Arabian or local; identification with a passive participle meaning ‘desired’ is one proposal.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted engravings. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible but unreadable personal names. Names probably follow the symbols on both lines, but neither their exact forms nor their etymologies are clear.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of a preserved formula. The author’s name may be omitted or lost beyond the photographed edge.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable names in the final two lines. The first two lines are incomprehensible and the etymologies of both proposed names remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Fragmentary South Arabian alphabet. The edition gives a revised sequence of letters rather than a semantic text; several signs remain disputed, so no reader-facing transliteration or translation is supplied here.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable name and recognizable formula. The etymology of GGT is uncertain; line 2 preserves only part of the formula.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Beginning of a possible formula. A secure reading is impossible because the published retouching is faulty. DṮ ḤMN is only a possible restoration.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible personal name in line 2. Line 1 is part of an alphabet; the smaller letters in line 2 may form a local name with a South Arabian ending.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Problematic graffito. The reading and interpretation are problematic; Ricci’s tentative first-word reading tlhg is not adopted as secure text.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation of either line.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and tentative verbal gloss. The name is related to the Ethiopian Semitic root meaning ‘help’; the exact verbal force is not certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted letters. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. A South Arabian parallel BʿLM is cited.
