418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
163 inscriptions in chronological order
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 152Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Published translation. The reading of YWḎRʿ is explicitly conditional; both personal names have uncertain etymologies.
YWḎRʿ bn RYKN / l-ydd ʿstr
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 153Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. The text appears to contain only these divine names, perhaps preceded by a symbol.
ḤBS w-ʿSTR
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 154Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Surviving phrase. YŠG is considered a local personal name of unknown etymology.
YŠG bn […]
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 155Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. A separator precedes ḤBS, perhaps with a symbol before it.
ḤBS [w-]ʿSTR
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 156Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. YNŠ is a local personal name; the understood subject of the second clause is the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
YNŠ / l-ṭḥw
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 157Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. The connotation is unclear; the commentary compares a traditional oath formula.
y-mwt ʿWB
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 158Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. GBLM is probably a local personal name.
GBLM / l-ṭḥw DṮ ḤM[N]
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 159Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. LNʾ is a local personal name; the verbal subject is understood as DṮ ḤMN, and final -m adds emphasis.
LNʾ / l-yḥ / tḥwm
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 160Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Preserved personal name and tentative gloss. The name may be South Arabian or local; identification with a passive participle meaning ‘desired’ is one proposal.
MNYM
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 163Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation of a preserved formula. The author’s name may be omitted or lost beyond the photographed edge.
[…] l-ṭḥw DṮ ḤMN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 164Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Probable names in the final two lines. The first two lines are incomprehensible and the etymologies of both proposed names remain uncertain.
[…] / MLGʾ / QŠMN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 167Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Probable name and recognizable formula. The etymology of GGT is uncertain; line 2 preserves only part of the formula.
GGT / […] DṮ ḤMN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 168Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Beginning of a possible formula. A secure reading is impossible because the published retouching is faulty. DṮ ḤMN is only a possible restoration.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 169Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Possible personal name in line 2. Line 1 is part of an alphabet; the smaller letters in line 2 may form a local name with a South Arabian ending.
TBʿL / TBʿM (?)
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 172Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Preserved personal name and tentative verbal gloss. The name is related to the Ethiopian Semitic root meaning ‘help’; the exact verbal force is not certain.
HGZT
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 174Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Probable personal name. A South Arabian parallel BʿLM is cited.
BʿL
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 175Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainSaro
Preserved personal name and preferred vocalization. The internal ʿ may represent a vowel; the causative interpretation is preferred but remains an etymological proposal.
YʿSBR
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 176Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAwalo
Published translation. Both names may be local; the proposed South Arabian connection of DʿMN remains conditional.
DʿMN bn ŠYHN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 177Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainprovenance unknown
Published translation. The object appears much later than the other monumental Sabaic inscriptions from Ethiopia and may have originated in South Arabia.
WHBRYMM / NMRM / GRBN
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
121–180 of 199 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two names with one alternative reading. The first reading is insecure; DMLY is clear but its etymology is unknown.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. It may be local; its root and exact form are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and lexical relation. The final n may be South Arabian nunation; the name may nevertheless be local.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 117.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names are probably local; their precise verbal derivations remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation with uncertain principal name. The reading BQLNYʾ is not entirely certain; the father’s name is well attested.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is well attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The father’s name is local and of uncertain etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The etymology is uncertain; the same name occurs in RIÉ 95, 124, and 128.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation with restored patronymic. The father’s name is restored from RIÉ 95.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of a fragmentary text. The first name’s completion is uncertain and the remaining names are too fragmentary for etymological interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The same text occurs in RIÉ 89.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted fragment. The text is too fragmentary to interpret.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Problematic graffito with possible personal names. The proposed reading GFN is possible, but a following bn was not identified and the remaining readings are insecure.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Conditional interpretation of line 1. The reading depends on treating the initial aleph as a symbol; line 2 is uninterpreted.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Single recognizable word. Only the kinship term bn is recognized.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. ʿWB is identified as a local divinity.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The cited Arabic derivations, ‘bind’ or ‘gift,’ are proposals rather than a settled gloss.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both the reading and etymology are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible personal-name fragment. The edition compares YLM elsewhere, but the surviving reading here is incomplete.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved but not fully certain personal name. The name is probably South Arabian in origin, but the reading and etymology are not fully certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name appears in the preceding entry.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. SFḤN is probably a local personal name despite its South Arabian ending.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Unidentifiable personal-name fragment. A personal name probably followed the symbol, but too few letters remain to identify it.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names may be local. Several verbal glosses are discussed for MRḤK, including ‘he protected you’ and ‘he guided you,’ but none is certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of Text I. GRWHTN is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; Text II is too fragmentary to identify its name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. Several South Arabian and Ethiopian lexical comparisons are discussed without a definitive gloss.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. ḤBS is considered South Arabian in origin; WHBM also occurs in RIÉ 135.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is also attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Unidentifiable personal name. The name is too damaged to identify.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Recognizable remains of a formula. Only remnants of the formula are preserved.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name probably derives from the same root as ḤQN in RIÉ 107.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain graffito. Both reading and interpretation are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The reading of YWḎRʿ is explicitly conditional; both personal names have uncertain etymologies.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. The text appears to contain only these divine names, perhaps preceded by a symbol.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving phrase. YŠG is considered a local personal name of unknown etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. A separator precedes ḤBS, perhaps with a symbol before it.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. YNŠ is a local personal name; the understood subject of the second clause is the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The connotation is unclear; the commentary compares a traditional oath formula.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. GBLM is probably a local personal name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. LNʾ is a local personal name; the verbal subject is understood as DṮ ḤMN, and final -m adds emphasis.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and tentative gloss. The name may be South Arabian or local; identification with a passive participle meaning ‘desired’ is one proposal.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted engravings. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible but unreadable personal names. Names probably follow the symbols on both lines, but neither their exact forms nor their etymologies are clear.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of a preserved formula. The author’s name may be omitted or lost beyond the photographed edge.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable names in the final two lines. The first two lines are incomprehensible and the etymologies of both proposed names remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Fragmentary South Arabian alphabet. The edition gives a revised sequence of letters rather than a semantic text; several signs remain disputed, so no reader-facing transliteration or translation is supplied here.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable name and recognizable formula. The etymology of GGT is uncertain; line 2 preserves only part of the formula.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Beginning of a possible formula. A secure reading is impossible because the published retouching is faulty. DṮ ḤMN is only a possible restoration.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible personal name in line 2. Line 1 is part of an alphabet; the smaller letters in line 2 may form a local name with a South Arabian ending.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Problematic graffito. The reading and interpretation are problematic; Ricci’s tentative first-word reading tlhg is not adopted as secure text.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation of either line.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and tentative verbal gloss. The name is related to the Ethiopian Semitic root meaning ‘help’; the exact verbal force is not certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted letters. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. A South Arabian parallel BʿLM is cited.
