418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
163 inscriptions in chronological order
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 152Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Published translation. The reading of YWḎRʿ is explicitly conditional; both personal names have uncertain etymologies.
YWḎRʿ bn RYKN / l-ydd ʿstr
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 153Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. The text appears to contain only these divine names, perhaps preceded by a symbol.
ḤBS w-ʿSTR
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 154Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Surviving phrase. YŠG is considered a local personal name of unknown etymology.
YŠG bn […]
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 155Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. A separator precedes ḤBS, perhaps with a symbol before it.
ḤBS [w-]ʿSTR
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 156Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. YNŠ is a local personal name; the understood subject of the second clause is the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
YNŠ / l-ṭḥw
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 157Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. The connotation is unclear; the commentary compares a traditional oath formula.
y-mwt ʿWB
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 158Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. GBLM is probably a local personal name.
GBLM / l-ṭḥw DṮ ḤM[N]
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 159Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation. LNʾ is a local personal name; the verbal subject is understood as DṮ ḤMN, and final -m adds emphasis.
LNʾ / l-yḥ / tḥwm
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 160Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Preserved personal name and tentative gloss. The name may be South Arabian or local; identification with a passive participle meaning ‘desired’ is one proposal.
MNYM
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 163Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Published translation of a preserved formula. The author’s name may be omitted or lost beyond the photographed edge.
[…] l-ṭḥw DṮ ḤMN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 164Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Probable names in the final two lines. The first two lines are incomprehensible and the etymologies of both proposed names remain uncertain.
[…] / MLGʾ / QŠMN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 167Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Probable name and recognizable formula. The etymology of GGT is uncertain; line 2 preserves only part of the formula.
GGT / […] DṮ ḤMN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 168Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Beginning of a possible formula. A secure reading is impossible because the published retouching is faulty. DṮ ḤMN is only a possible restoration.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 169Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Possible personal name in line 2. Line 1 is part of an alphabet; the smaller letters in line 2 may form a local name with a South Arabian ending.
TBʿL / TBʿM (?)
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 172Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Preserved personal name and tentative verbal gloss. The name is related to the Ethiopian Semitic root meaning ‘help’; the exact verbal force is not certain.
HGZT
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 174Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAddi Qayyih area
Probable personal name. A South Arabian parallel BʿLM is cited.
BʿL
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 175Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainSaro
Preserved personal name and preferred vocalization. The internal ʿ may represent a vowel; the causative interpretation is preferred but remains an etymological proposal.
YʿSBR
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 176Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainAwalo
Published translation. Both names may be local; the proposed South Arabian connection of DʿMN remains conditional.
DʿMN bn ŠYHN
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 177Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainprovenance unknown
Published translation. The object appears much later than the other monumental Sabaic inscriptions from Ethiopia and may have originated in South Arabia.
WHBRYMM / NMRM / GRBN
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
181–199 of 199 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Saro · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and preferred vocalization. The internal ʿ may represent a vowel; the causative interpretation is preferred but remains an etymological proposal.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Awalo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names may be local; the proposed South Arabian connection of DʿMN remains conditional.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · provenance unknown · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The object appears much later than the other monumental Sabaic inscriptions from Ethiopia and may have originated in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · provenance unknown · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpretable fragment. The text is too fragmentary to interpret.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · provenance unknown · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Reported word in an unpublished inscription. The inscription remained unpublished; Littmann’s information says it contained dedications to ʿAstar and the word ʿrkn, but no text or translation is available for verification.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ / Addi Amiq, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; farmer-found in 1995, preserved at Abba Garima church · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Gaʿəwa, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; in situ in the temple of ʾlmqh, now Wuqro Museum · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Royal name; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
First half of the 1st millennium BCE · Ṣ́ǝrḥan, Aḥfärom, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean
Altar dedication by Taʿattarat naming kings ḏū Lakkān and Lāmān.
Early 1st millennium BCE (no exact date verified from the unavailable primary chapter) · Grat Beʿal Gibri, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Old Sabaic
Dedication; the primary edition has not been retrieved.
Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger) · Parakleitos monastery, near the old Adigrat–Däbrä Damo road, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean (Old Sabaic ductus)
Fragmentary dedication.
Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger) · Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean (Old Sabaic ductus)
Fragmentary dedication.
Early 1st millennium BCE (archaic ductus; no narrower date stated by Weninger) · Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean (Old Sabaic ductus)
Short name inscription; interpretation uncertain.
About the 7th century BCE or earlier (palaeographic) · Found at Guldam near Yeha; kept at Färäs May, Tǝgray, Ethiopia when published · Ancient Sabaic
Ownership inscription on a bronze vessel.
Possibly 8th–7th century BCE; a later date cannot be excluded · ʿAddi Baʿekel, Daʾero area north of Feresmay, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Local Semitic language close to Sabaic
Fragmentary text in a local Semitic language.
Early 1st millennium BCE context (joined date not independently verified) · Gobo Čela / Melazo area, Ethiopia (reported association with RIÉ 28) · Ethio-Sabaean
Reported join to RIÉ 28; the joined reading has not been verified.
