418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
DAE IV no. 58, printed p. 68; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 408.RIÉ 408Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Fataḥi (?)
DAE IV nos. 59–60, printed p. 68; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 409–410.RIÉ 409Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Za-Mikeyas
DAE IV nos. 59–60, printed p. 68; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 409–410.RIÉ 410Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Tobya
DAE IV no. 61, printed p. 68; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 411.RIÉ 411Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Safari ʾiyu
DAE IV no. 62, printed p. 69; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 412.RIÉ 412Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Tobya
RIÉ 413 · Upper monogram · DAE 63 facsimile; RIÉ 254 belowRIÉ 413Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Sawwun
DAE IV no. 64, printed p. 69; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 414.RIÉ 414Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Naʿawe
DAE IV no. 66, printed p. 69; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 416.RIÉ 416Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
wdḥd (?) / yrhw (?)
DAE IV no. 67, printed p. 70; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 417.RIÉ 417Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Sawwun
DAE IV no. 69, printed p. 70; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 418.RIÉ 418Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Ysbr- / Y-ʿ-sbr-
DAE IV nos. 70–71–72, printed p. 70; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 419.RIÉ 419Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Lzb- z-q-s-wa; Trf-; N-ʿay ʾana
DAE IV no. 73, printed p. 71; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 420.RIÉ 420Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Fassāḥa ʾana
DAE IV no. 73a, printed p. 71; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 421.RIÉ 421Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
N-ʿay / N-ʿayi
DAE IV no. 74, printed p. 71; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 422.RIÉ 422Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Fassāḥa naya
DAE IV no. 75, printed p. 71; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 423.RIÉ 423Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Sabūḥ
DAE IV no. 76, printed p. 71; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 424.RIÉ 424Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
s-mu w-nb- / w-nb s-mu
DAE IV no. 77, printed p. 71; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 425.RIÉ 425Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
ʾana whbm- / whbm- ʾana
DAE IV no. 78, printed p. 71; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 426.RIÉ 426Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Baruk ʾana
DAE IV no. 79, printed p. 72; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 427.RIÉ 427Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Yonatan
DAE IV no. 80, printed p. 72; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 428.RIÉ 428Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Fataḥi
DAE IV no. 81, printed p. 72; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 429.RIÉ 429Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
hgs sbr (?)
DAE IV no. 82, printed p. 72; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 430.RIÉ 430Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
zmk-
DAE IV no. 83, printed p. 72; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 431.RIÉ 431Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Sawwun ʾana
DAE IV no. 84, printed p. 72; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 432.RIÉ 432Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Marir naya (?)
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
61–120 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedicatory fragment. The beginning, ending, and part of the divine name are lost; brackets retain the edition’s restoration.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe area, Eritrea; excavated in Mound B room 33, not in situ · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Cultic or royal names; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E2 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The same letter sequence names the tribe Bakīl elsewhere, but the edition considers a personal name more likely here.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E 1, locus 43 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the monument C · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound F · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Name; other marks uninterpreted. Two m signs on the right-hand stone remain uninterpreted.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Dibdib · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the three-line dedication. DWL may designate a locality, region, people, or tribe; the edition does not resolve which.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dibdib, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedication with editorial restoration. The lost verb could have been singular or plural. <This stone> is supplied from the object, not a surviving word.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the surviving three-line dedication. <This stone> is supplied from the object. HYW is probably a co-dedicant.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain personal-name fragment. A damaged word may be a personal name; the letters in the second line remain uninterpreted.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Barachit, Debub, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dera, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of two short texts. The divine names in Text II are probable readings; the etymology of YGDY is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The name is otherwise unknown; its proposed compound structure has no convincing etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preferred identification within an uncertain text. Drewes prefers a personal-name interpretation of ḤYWT over Littmann’s tentative ‘for the life of ʾAgʷabat’; the exact form and etymology of the other names remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are offered; the root is secure but the final consonant is not.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Kelette Afa, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. GʿSY may be a local name; its etymology is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 91 and 124–126.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two preserved personal names. The etymology of ḤDBR remains uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two partly legible names from four texts. Only the names in Texts II and III are more or less legible; the reading and derivation of both remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two surviving words. Only the kinship phrase and name remain legible.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 97 and has South Arabian parallels.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. WDGLY is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; MʿDʾL is well attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are possible; the inscription does not decide between them.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 94.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. Its grammatical form and interpretation remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving first line and proposed name gloss. The patronymic is lost after the kinship term.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested as a South Arabian personal name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The edition compares related names in RIÉ 9, 12, and 79.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable local personal name. Drewes rejects Jamme’s reading and the translation ‘ʾAbih has slept [here].’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted fragment. The fragmentary text does not permit an interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Partly legible personal name. A personal name is probable, but it is only partly readable and is not transcribed securely.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The verb is interpreted from the root wdd, ‘love’; the linguistic classification remains discussed in the commentary.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two probable personal names. Both etymologies remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published formula with abbreviated divine name. The preserved letters DḤ are understood as an abbreviation of the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible remains of a known formula. The graffito is incomplete and difficult to read; the formula depends on the tentative reading of its first two letters.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and lexical gloss. The related Arabic root can also mean ‘be indulgent.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested in South Arabia; QṢRY has a different possible derivation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain possible personal name. If the word is read ḥwʾr, it may share a root with WʿRN, but the reading itself is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and preferred gloss. The edition prefers derivation from the Ethiopian root ʾkl, ‘suffice,’ over a root meaning ‘eat’; a pronominal suffix would yield ‘it will suffice for him.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The final r is not certain and the exact meaning of the underlying verb remains unresolved.
