418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
DAE IV no. 87, printed p. 73; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 433.RIÉ 433Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
hrd- (?)
DAE IV no. 88, printed p. 73; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 434.RIÉ 434Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
M-ʿ-sbr- / Ysbrm- / Y-ʿ-sbrm-
DAE IV no. 90, printed p. 73; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 435.RIÉ 435Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Yoḥannəs
DAE IV no. 91, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 436.RIÉ 436Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
ʾana S-nuy waqaro
DAE IV no. 92, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 437.RIÉ 437Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Saʿum … yakfat (?)
DAE IV no. 93, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 438.RIÉ 438Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Simon
DAE IV no. 94, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 439.RIÉ 439Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
ʾZB ʾana; Bāzenay ʾ-y-
DAE IV no. 95, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 440.RIÉ 440Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Saʿum ʾana
DAE IV no. 97, printed p. 75; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 441.RIÉ 441Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
SMR
DAE IV no. 98, printed p. 75; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 442.RIÉ 442Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Naʿawe ʾ-y-
DAE IV no. 99, printed p. 75; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 443.RIÉ 443Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
dam-s- ʾana (?)
Ry 509Ry 509First half of the 5th century CEwādī Maʾsal, Saudi Arabia
A Ḥimyarite royal campaign inscription of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ḥassān Yuhaʾmin. An Arabian comparison; neither its authorship nor its date is Aksumite.
𐩱𐩨𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩱𐩪𐩲𐩵 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩥-𐩠𐩥 𐩢𐩯𐩬 𐩺𐩠𐩱𐩣𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩱 |
No exact artifact photograph has yet been acquired for public display.
Fiaccadori 2007fifth or sixth century CEGumalē, near Aksum, Ethiopia
A Greek Christian epitaph records the burial of a child named Kyriakos and preserves his age as ten years plus a lost number of months.
✝ Ἐνθάδε κεῖτε Κυρι- ακὸς ζήσ- ας ἤτῃ ι μ- [ῆν(ας)] […]
The cited edition contains a plate of this inscription; no image is available here.
RIÉ 191early sixth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
Kaleb’s Geʿez inscription in South Arabian script recounts African campaigns, an expedition toward Himyar, and the foundation of a Christian sanctuary.
𐩱𐩴𐩸𐩱𐩨𐩢𐩧 𐩭𐩺𐩡 𐩥-𐩮𐩬𐩲 𐩱𐩴𐩸𐩱𐩨𐩢𐩧 𐩭𐩺𐩡 𐩥𐩪𐩩 𐩳𐩨𐩱 […] 𐩬𐩴𐩦 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩢𐩣𐩧 𐩥-𐩸-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩪𐩡𐩢𐩬 𐩥-𐩷𐩵𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩥-𐩩𐩠𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩫𐩡 𐩲𐩧𐩨𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩨𐩴 𐩥-𐩬𐩨 𐩥-𐩸-𐩫𐩪 𐩥-𐩮𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩵𐩧𐩨𐩩
Gar antichità 9 dGar antichità 9 d509 CEBayt al-Ashwāl, Ẓafār, Yemen, Yemen
A dated building inscription invokes Raḥmānān and King Marthadʾilān Yanuf; included as an Arabian chronological witness.
[... ... ]𐩨-𐩢𐩣𐩵 𐩧𐩢𐩣𐩬𐩬 𐩨𐩲𐩡 𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩨-
The cited edition contains a plate of this inscription; no image is available here.
RIÉ 192early sixth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
King WʿZB invokes the Trinity and describes his campaign against the WYTL, royal succession, captives, booty, and a dedicatory conclusion.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
Ja 1028Ja 1028523 CEBiʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia
A commander of Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar records the destruction of churches and conflict with Abyssinian forces.
𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫𐩬 𐩱𐩡𐩬 𐩹-𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩱𐩧𐩳𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩺𐩥𐩪𐩰 𐩱𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩺𐩻𐩱𐩧 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩫𐩡 𐩱𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 𐩥-𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫𐩬 𐩱𐩤𐩥𐩡𐩬
Ry 507Ry 507523 CEBiʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫𐩬 𐩱𐩡𐩠𐩬 𐩹-𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩪[𐩣𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩱𐩧𐩳𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩺𐩪𐩰 𐩱𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩺𐩻𐩱𐩧 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩫𐩡] 𐩱𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 [𐩥-𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫]𐩬 𐩱𐩤𐩡-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩣𐩧𐩱𐩪-𐩠𐩣𐩥
Ry 508Ry 508523 CEʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
𐩤𐩺𐩡𐩬 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩱𐩡 𐩺𐩤𐩨𐩡 𐩨𐩬 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩺𐩫𐩣𐩡 𐩨𐩬𐩥 𐩺𐩸𐩱𐩬 𐩥-𐩴𐩵𐩬𐩣 𐩥-𐩢𐩨𐩣 𐩥-𐩬𐩪𐩱𐩬 𐩥-𐩶𐩨𐩱
CIH 621CIH 621530 CEBiʾr ʿAlī, Yemen
Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ and his sons record repairs to a fortress after returning from Ḥabašat and an Abyssinian invasion of Ḥimyar.
𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩰𐩲 𐩱𐩦𐩥𐩲 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩺-𐩠𐩥 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩺𐩫𐩣𐩡 𐩥-𐩣𐩲𐩵𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩺𐩲𐩰𐩧 𐩨𐩬𐩺 𐩡𐩢𐩺𐩲𐩩 |
Ist 7608 bisIst 7608 bisc. 530s CEḌāf, Yemen
A Christian royal fragment names Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ, the rulers of Aksum, and Ella Aṣbeḥa. Its relationship to Wellcome A 103664 is uncertain.
[... ... 𐩥-𐩣𐩬]𐩰𐩪 𐩤𐩵𐩪 𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩰𐩲 𐩱𐩦𐩥𐩲 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪[𐩨𐩱 ... ...]
RIÉ 195RIÉ 195about 530 CEMaʾrib, Yemen
Two fragmentary Geʿez slabs preserve an Aksumite account of a Red Sea crossing, fighting, captives, a Himyarite king, and the burning of the palace of Sabaʾ.
…ወተ…፡ …፡ ወያዓቢየከ፡ …፡ …ዶኩ፡ መርሰ፡ ዘስሙ፡ …፡ …ለ፡ ምስለ፡ አሕዛቢ…፡ …፡ ከመ፡ ይቤ፡ መዝሙር፡ ይትነሣእ፡ …፡ …፡ ጸላእቱ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ …፡ …፡ ወፄውዎ፡ ወበርበረ…፡ …ሰደደ፡ አሕዛበ፡ እምቅድመ፡ …፡ …ቤትኩ፡ ውስተ፡ ሐመር፡ …፡ …ታ፡ ሐይቃ፡ ዘመጠወኒ፡ እግዚአ፡ ብሔር፡ …፡ …መራን፡ ወመንፈቁ፡ አሕዛብየ፡ …፡ …፡ መንፈቁ፡ አሕዛብየ፡ ወረደ፡ እንተ፡ ቀርጸ፡ …፡ …መንፈቁ፡ አሕዛብየ፡ ወረደ፡ …፡
Wellcome A 103664Wellcome A 1036646th century CEUnknown, Unknown
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
[... ...]𐩣 𐩥𐩦𐩧[... ...]
RIÉ 263RIÉ 263sixth century CEẒafār, Yemen
A nine-line Geʿez fragment from Himyar preserves isolated phrases from an Aksumite report; no continuous sentence survives.
1 … [word dividers] … 2 … nə wa-ʾābəḥ … 3 … [hāy]mānota ʾab … 4 … ʾangabenāy la … 5 … [K]rəstos yəma[wwəʾ] … 6 … qa ba-ṣərʾ ba-sa[lām] … 7 … nāwi wa-baṣaḥku … 8 … [waʿa]lku samuna ʿəla[ta] … 9 … yəśśənu śa …
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
61–120 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedicatory fragment. The beginning, ending, and part of the divine name are lost; brackets retain the edition’s restoration.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe area, Eritrea; excavated in Mound B room 33, not in situ · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Cultic or royal names; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E2 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The same letter sequence names the tribe Bakīl elsewhere, but the edition considers a personal name more likely here.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E 1, locus 43 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the monument C · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound F · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Name; other marks uninterpreted. Two m signs on the right-hand stone remain uninterpreted.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Dibdib · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the three-line dedication. DWL may designate a locality, region, people, or tribe; the edition does not resolve which.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dibdib, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedication with editorial restoration. The lost verb could have been singular or plural. <This stone> is supplied from the object, not a surviving word.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the surviving three-line dedication. <This stone> is supplied from the object. HYW is probably a co-dedicant.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain personal-name fragment. A damaged word may be a personal name; the letters in the second line remain uninterpreted.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Barachit, Debub, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dera, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of two short texts. The divine names in Text II are probable readings; the etymology of YGDY is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The name is otherwise unknown; its proposed compound structure has no convincing etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preferred identification within an uncertain text. Drewes prefers a personal-name interpretation of ḤYWT over Littmann’s tentative ‘for the life of ʾAgʷabat’; the exact form and etymology of the other names remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are offered; the root is secure but the final consonant is not.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Kelette Afa, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. GʿSY may be a local name; its etymology is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 91 and 124–126.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two preserved personal names. The etymology of ḤDBR remains uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two partly legible names from four texts. Only the names in Texts II and III are more or less legible; the reading and derivation of both remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two surviving words. Only the kinship phrase and name remain legible.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 97 and has South Arabian parallels.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. WDGLY is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; MʿDʾL is well attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are possible; the inscription does not decide between them.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 94.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. Its grammatical form and interpretation remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving first line and proposed name gloss. The patronymic is lost after the kinship term.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested as a South Arabian personal name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The edition compares related names in RIÉ 9, 12, and 79.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable local personal name. Drewes rejects Jamme’s reading and the translation ‘ʾAbih has slept [here].’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted fragment. The fragmentary text does not permit an interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Partly legible personal name. A personal name is probable, but it is only partly readable and is not transcribed securely.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The verb is interpreted from the root wdd, ‘love’; the linguistic classification remains discussed in the commentary.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two probable personal names. Both etymologies remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published formula with abbreviated divine name. The preserved letters DḤ are understood as an abbreviation of the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible remains of a known formula. The graffito is incomplete and difficult to read; the formula depends on the tentative reading of its first two letters.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and lexical gloss. The related Arabic root can also mean ‘be indulgent.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested in South Arabia; QṢRY has a different possible derivation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain possible personal name. If the word is read ḥwʾr, it may share a root with WʿRN, but the reading itself is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and preferred gloss. The edition prefers derivation from the Ethiopian root ʾkl, ‘suffice,’ over a root meaning ‘eat’; a pronominal suffix would yield ‘it will suffice for him.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The final r is not certain and the exact meaning of the underlying verb remains unresolved.
