418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
163 inscriptions in chronological order
ʿAddi Baʿekel 1ʿAddi Baʿekel 1Possibly 8th–7th century BCE; a later date cannot be excludedʿAddi Baʿekel, Daʾero area north of Feresmay, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A dressed block probably from a public monument preserves a damaged six-line boustrophedon text in a local Semitic language close to Sabaic; the editors’ tentative interpretation mentions mutual aid and harvests, but the context is lost.
…] 𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩩 / 𐩩
Addi Akaweh 1Addi Akaweh 1Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAddi Akaweh, Ethiopia
A better-preserved parallel to RIÉ 9 confirms and refines the reading of Rdʾm’s DʿMT formula.
𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣 𐩣𐩡𐩫←𐩬 (𐩮)𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩪←[𐩧𐩺𐩩 ]𐩣𐩫𐩧(𐩨) 𐩵—
Afṣe 1Afṣe 1Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger)Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A heavily eroded middle fragment preserves parts of two boustrophedon lines, including a dedicatory verb and the gods ʿAttar and Wadd; the latter’s epithet is lost.
… [𐩬]𐩩𐩣 / 𐩠𐩤𐩬[𐩺 /] …
Afṣe 2Afṣe 2Early 1st millennium BCE (archaic ductus; no narrower date stated by Weninger)Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A roughly 56 cm-high incense burner with crescent and solar disc carries a short rightward inscription. Weninger treats Ṣdqn as a possible divine name and ḏ- as the possible opening of an epithet; the remaining signs are uninterpreted.
𐩮𐩵𐩤𐩬𐩹 …
Henze 1Henze 1Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger)Parakleitos monastery, near the old Adigrat–Däbrä Damo road, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A middle fragment of a raised-relief stone slab preserves four alternating lines of a dedication to Almaqah; Weninger tentatively reads yḥʾ as the ancient spelling of Yeha but explicitly leaves that identification uncertain.
… 𐩧 / …
HG Färäs May 1HG Färäs May 1 / HG Färäs May 2010About the 7th century BCE or earlier (palaeographic)Found at Guldam near Yeha; kept at Färäs May, Tǝgray, Ethiopia when published
The one-line name inscription and repeated monogram mark a high-quality bronze kettle as belonging to Tubbaʿkarib of the Yasrān clan, which Nebes connects with Sabaean stonemasons from the Maʾrib region; the text contains no dedication formula.
◊ 𐩩𐩨𐩲𐩫𐩧𐩨 / 𐩹-𐩺𐩪𐩧𐩬
MG 1MG 1Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a altar of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
[... ...] 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 (𐩮)[𐩧𐩲𐩬 ... ...]
MG 2MG 2Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a of statue with dedicatory inscription of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩡-𐩥𐩫𐩨
MG 3MG 3Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEMäqabər Gaʿəwa, Ethiopia
An in-situ altar calls Wʿrn the victorious king, son of Rdʾm, and records his leadership of the temple at Yeha, but never names DʿMT.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣 𐩥-𐩦𐩭𐩩𐩣 𐩲𐩧(𐩫)←[𐩺𐩩](𐩬) 𐩠𐩢𐩵𐩪 𐩡-𐩱𐩡𐩣↯𐩤𐩠 𐩺𐩥𐩣 𐩩𐩨𐩲𐩡 𐩨𐩺𐩩 𐩱𐩡𐩣↯𐩤𐩠 𐩨-𐩺𐩢𐩱 ←𐩨-𐩬𐩭𐩺 𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧 𐩥-𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩥-𐩹𐩩-𐩢𐩣𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩹𐩩-𐩨𐩲←𐩵𐩬|
MG 4MG 4Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a stone piece of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
𐩨-𐩬𐩭𐩺 𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩭𐩺𐩧𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩴𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬|
MG 5MG 5Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a altar of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
[... ...]𐩩𐩲𐩣 [... ...]
RIÉ 1RIÉ 1Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAmda Tsyon, Ethiopia
A royal temple-restoration slab naming Wʿrn Ḥywt and a female dynastic figure, but not DʿMT itself.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩢𐩺𐩥𐩩 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩬
RIÉ 2RIÉ 2Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAbba Pantaleon, Aksum
A two-line royal fragment preserves the formula ‘became king of DʿMT, its east and west’ and the deity ḏt-Bʿdn.
[... ...]𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩥 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩣𐩦𐩧𐩤[-𐩠𐩺 𐩥-𐩣𐩲𐩧𐩨-𐩠𐩺 ... ...]
RIÉ 3RIÉ 3Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; fragment now at Aksum
A very short altar fragment preserves the title mukarrib of DʿMT; Schneider tentatively linked it to RIÉ 19.
[... ... 𐩣𐩫]𐩧(𐩨) 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩬[... ...]
RIÉ 4RIÉ 4Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this royal inscription on a stone piece of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1873.
[... ... 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩪𐩡𐩣𐩣]
RIÉ 5 ARIÉ 5 AEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; reused in church wall
A construction fragment names Lmn as victorious king of Ygʿḏ and mukarrib of DʿMT and Sabaʾ; DASI cautions against automatically joining it to RIÉ 5B.
𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩺𐩴𐩲𐩹𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩨—
RIÉ 5 BRIÉ 5 BEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; reused in church wall
DASI calls the text conjectural and notes palaeographic difficulty in treating 5A and 5B as one inscription; the initial Dʿ of DʿMT is restored, so this is not an independent direct attestation.
[... ... 𐩵𐩲]𐩣𐩩 𐩣𐩦𐩧𐩤-𐩠𐩺 𐩥-𐩣𐩲𐩧𐩨-𐩠𐩺 𐩱𐩵𐩣-𐩠𐩺 𐩥-𐩮𐩡𐩣-𐩠𐩺 𐩨-𐩬—
RIÉ 6RIÉ 6Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this royal inscription on a stone piece of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia.
[... ...]
RIÉ 7RIÉ 7Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia; altar now in the National Archaeological Museum, Addis Ababa
A fragmentary royal altar text, partly restored from RIÉ 1, associates Wʿrn Ḥywt with Yeha but does not name DʿMT.
[... ... 𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬] 𐩢𐩺[𐩥𐩩] ←[𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 ]𐩨𐩬 𐩨[𐩬 ] ←[𐩪𐩡](𐩣𐩣) 𐩰𐩷𐩧𐩬 (𐩥)-[𐩪𐩣𐩲𐩩𐩣 ]𐩲—
RIÉ 8RIÉ 8Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAddi Gelemo, Ethiopia
The damaged incense burner names Rbḥ as victorious king of Ygʿḏ and mukarrib of DʿMT and Sabaʾ, then invokes his household and fields.
[... ... 𐩧𐩨](𐩢) 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩺𐩴←𐩲𐩹𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩
RIÉ 9RIÉ 9Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; preserved at Abba Garima church
A royal incense burner defines Rdʾm’s DʿMT in territorial and social formulae—east/west, Sabaeans/settlers, Red/Black—and names its protective gods.
𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣[ 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮]←𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩪𐩧𐩺𐩩 𐩣←[𐩫𐩧𐩨 ]𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩨𐩬
RIÉ 10RIÉ 10Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; preserved at Abba Garima church
A fifteen-line boustrophedon dedication names Lmn, son of Rbḥ, and gives the fullest surviving DʿMT kingship formula.
[𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮]—
RIÉ 11RIÉ 11Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEKaskase, Eritrea
A terse two-line column inscription names Wʿrn Ḥywt and his descent from S¹lmm, without naming DʿMT.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩢𐩺𐩥𐩩 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬|
RIÉ 12RIÉ 12Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Kaskase/Keskese, Senafe area, Eritrea; in-situ architectural column
A single damaged line preserves the royal name Rdʾm and title ‘king’, but no DʿMT title survives.
𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣 𐩣𐩡[𐩫𐩬 ... ...]
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
121–180 of 199 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two names with one alternative reading. The first reading is insecure; DMLY is clear but its etymology is unknown.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. It may be local; its root and exact form are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and lexical relation. The final n may be South Arabian nunation; the name may nevertheless be local.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 117.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names are probably local; their precise verbal derivations remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation with uncertain principal name. The reading BQLNYʾ is not entirely certain; the father’s name is well attested.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is well attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The father’s name is local and of uncertain etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The etymology is uncertain; the same name occurs in RIÉ 95, 124, and 128.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation with restored patronymic. The father’s name is restored from RIÉ 95.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of a fragmentary text. The first name’s completion is uncertain and the remaining names are too fragmentary for etymological interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The same text occurs in RIÉ 89.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted fragment. The text is too fragmentary to interpret.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Problematic graffito with possible personal names. The proposed reading GFN is possible, but a following bn was not identified and the remaining readings are insecure.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Conditional interpretation of line 1. The reading depends on treating the initial aleph as a symbol; line 2 is uninterpreted.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Single recognizable word. Only the kinship term bn is recognized.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Zeban Mororo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. ʿWB is identified as a local divinity.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The cited Arabic derivations, ‘bind’ or ‘gift,’ are proposals rather than a settled gloss.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both the reading and etymology are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible personal-name fragment. The edition compares YLM elsewhere, but the surviving reading here is incomplete.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved but not fully certain personal name. The name is probably South Arabian in origin, but the reading and etymology are not fully certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name appears in the preceding entry.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. SFḤN is probably a local personal name despite its South Arabian ending.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Unidentifiable personal-name fragment. A personal name probably followed the symbol, but too few letters remain to identify it.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names may be local. Several verbal glosses are discussed for MRḤK, including ‘he protected you’ and ‘he guided you,’ but none is certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of Text I. GRWHTN is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; Text II is too fragmentary to identify its name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. Several South Arabian and Ethiopian lexical comparisons are discussed without a definitive gloss.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. ḤBS is considered South Arabian in origin; WHBM also occurs in RIÉ 135.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name is also attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Unidentifiable personal name. The name is too damaged to identify.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Recognizable remains of a formula. Only remnants of the formula are preserved.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The name probably derives from the same root as ḤQN in RIÉ 107.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain graffito. Both reading and interpretation are uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The reading of YWḎRʿ is explicitly conditional; both personal names have uncertain etymologies.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. The text appears to contain only these divine names, perhaps preceded by a symbol.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving phrase. YŠG is considered a local personal name of unknown etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobo Fentseh · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Apparently complete divine-name phrase. A separator precedes ḤBS, perhaps with a symbol before it.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. YNŠ is a local personal name; the understood subject of the second clause is the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The connotation is unclear; the commentary compares a traditional oath formula.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. GBLM is probably a local personal name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. LNʾ is a local personal name; the verbal subject is understood as DṮ ḤMN, and final -m adds emphasis.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and tentative gloss. The name may be South Arabian or local; identification with a passive participle meaning ‘desired’ is one proposal.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted engravings. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible but unreadable personal names. Names probably follow the symbols on both lines, but neither their exact forms nor their etymologies are clear.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of a preserved formula. The author’s name may be omitted or lost beyond the photographed edge.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable names in the final two lines. The first two lines are incomprehensible and the etymologies of both proposed names remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Fragmentary South Arabian alphabet. The edition gives a revised sequence of letters rather than a semantic text; several signs remain disputed, so no reader-facing transliteration or translation is supplied here.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable name and recognizable formula. The etymology of GGT is uncertain; line 2 preserves only part of the formula.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Beginning of a possible formula. A secure reading is impossible because the published retouching is faulty. DṮ ḤMN is only a possible restoration.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible personal name in line 2. Line 1 is part of an alphabet; the smaller letters in line 2 may form a local name with a South Arabian ending.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Problematic graffito. The reading and interpretation are problematic; Ricci’s tentative first-word reading tlhg is not adopted as secure text.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation of either line.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and tentative verbal gloss. The name is related to the Ethiopian Semitic root meaning ‘help’; the exact verbal force is not certain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted letters. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Addi Qayyih area · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. A South Arabian parallel BʿLM is cited.
