418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
RIÉ 13RIÉ 13Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Unknown (Ethiopia), Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this royal dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Unknown (Ethiopia), Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 671.
[... ... 𐩡𐩣]𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬
RIÉ 14RIÉ 14Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a throne of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1658.
|𐩧𐩰𐩦|
RIÉ 15RIÉ 15Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1641.
𐩥𐩲[𐩧𐩬]
RIÉ 16RIÉ 16Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASIHawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1625.
[... ...](𐩲)𐩧𐩫(𐩺)[𐩩𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 17RIÉ 17Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASIHawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stela of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia.
[... ...]𐩣[... ...]𐩲𐩧[𐩫𐩩𐩬 ((𐩲𐩧𐩫𐩺𐩩𐩬))... ...]
RIÉ 18RIÉ 18Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Aksum, Museum.
[... ...]𐩥𐩲(𐩧𐩬) 𐩨((𐩳))𐩧 𐩣𐩺𐩱 𐩡-𐩥[... ...]
RIÉ 19RIÉ 19Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a altar of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1363.
𐩥𐩲[𐩧𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 20RIÉ 20Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 63.
[... ...]𐩲𐩹(𐩨)𐩣((𐩲𐩹(𐩱)𐩣)) [... ...]
RIÉ 21RIÉ 21Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 114.
[... ...]𐩡 𐩰𐩩𐩢𐩺[𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 22RIÉ 22Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 241.
[... ... 𐩰]𐩤𐩣[𐩣 ... ...]
RIÉ 23RIÉ 23Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia.
[𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠𐩣𐩥] 𐩥-𐩡𐩢[𐩺 𐩨]—
RIÉ 24RIÉ 24Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 113.
𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠[𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩡𐩢𐩺 𐩨]—
RIÉ 25RIÉ 25Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 62.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬
RIÉ 26RIÉ 26Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 100.
[... ... 𐩴](𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬)[𐩠𐩬]
RIÉ 27RIÉ 27Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a stone piece of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 112.
[.]𐩣𐩣 𐩴𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬𐩠𐩬
RIÉ 28RIÉ 28Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 105.
[... ...]𐩲[... ...]𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺|
RIÉ 29RIÉ 29Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 101.
[...] 𐩨𐩬 𐩰𐩤𐩣(𐩣) [𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩱𐩡](𐩣)[𐩤𐩠]
RIÉ 30RIÉ 30Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a altar of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 110.
𐩮𐩨𐩢𐩠𐩣𐩥 ←𐩥-𐩡𐩢𐩺 𐩨𐩬 𐩰𐩤𐩣—
RIÉ 31RIÉ 31Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a incense burner of stone from Gobochela, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 111.
𐩺𐩡𐩨𐩨
RIÉ 33 ARIÉ 33 AEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 2398.
𐩣𐩣𐩪 𐩥-𐩠𐩩[.]↯𐩬 <𐩠>𐩤𐩬𐩺𐩥→ 𐩺𐩰𐩲𐩣 𐩨-𐩢𐩥 𐩬↯𐩰𐩪-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩬𐩰[𐩪 𐩱]𐩡𐩱𐩪 𐩥-
RIÉ 33 BRIÉ 33 BEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a altar of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 2398.
[... ...] 𐩥-𐩲↯𐩪𐩩𐩧 𐩥-𐩬𐩧𐩥
RIÉ 34RIÉ 34Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a incense burner (mqṭr) of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
𐩢𐩵𐩥𐩪𐩬 ←𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩲𐩺𐩨𐩪
RIÉ 35RIÉ 35Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a with bull head as gutter of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
𐩺𐩷𐩭𐩵 𐩨𐩬 𐩴𐩢𐩵𐩨𐩺 𐩠𐩤𐩬←𐩺 𐩠𐩥𐩨𐩪|←[𐩣]𐩲𐩬𐩬𐩬
RIÉ 36RIÉ 36Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a lintel of stone from Yeha, Ethiopia.
[... ...]𐩬 𐩨[𐩬 ]↯𐩱𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩨𐩬 𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬↯ 𐩥-𐩨𐩦𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩲𐩹𐩩𐩣 𐩲𐩧𐩫𐩺𐩩𐩬
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
481–512 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
Abraha records a campaign against Maʿadd, military detachments, submission, and hostages.
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
523 CE · ʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
6th century CE; probably c. 552 · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
The qayl Mns¹ dhū-Dharnḥ records accompanying King Abraha on a campaign against Maʿadd.
6th century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Late Sabaic
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean dedication records an alliance with GDRT, king of Ḥabašat. Several ancient copies preserve this longer version.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
The shorter recension of the Riyām dedication, preserved in several copies. The photograph shows Gl 870+872.
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean officers dedicate bronze statues and record an embassy from Shammar dhū-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥabašat.
3rd century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Sabaic
A damaged dedication recounts campaigns against several opponents, including Ḥabašat.
Early 3rd century CE · Rayda, Yemen · Sabaic
Commanders serving Shaʿirum Awtar recount campaigns by land and sea in a dedication to their solar deity.
253 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
272 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Wfym ʾḏrḥ dedicates a bronze statue and bull after defending Ḥashid during the reign of Shaʿirum Awtar.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two qayls dedicate bronze statues after campaigns of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin against Ḥabašat and their allies.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
c. 312–316 CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean kings dedicate silver statues after fighting Abyssinian forces and their allies in the western lowlands.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary royal dedication recounts a campaign from Ṣanʿāʾ into Sahratān and the coastal country.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Qṭbn ʾwkn records an embassy to GDRT, king of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites, followed by campaigns involving the prince BYGT.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A dedication from the Awwām temple recounts military service, including operations involving Abyssinian forces.
c. 160–190 CE · Umm Laylā, Yemen · Sabaic
A tribal agreement to strengthen defences and restore cisterns after Abyssinian forces reached the country.
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Barʾān dedication combines favourable oracles, diplomacy with Ḥimyar, and campaigns against Abyssinian forces.
First half of the 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
An Awwām dedication recounts conflict with Abyssinian forces in Sihām and Wādī Ḥaraḍ under Laḥayʿathat Yarkham.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two brothers thank ʾAlmaqah for their father’s return after an embassy to the Abyssinians and imprisonment at S³wm.
c. 552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A royal rock inscription records Abraha’s authority over Maʿadd and other Arabian communities.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A long dedication of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin recounts wars, hostages, and conflict involving Abyssinian forces.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary statue base preserves a shorter version of CIH 308, including GDRT and the alliance.
Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertain · Jabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen · Sabaic
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · South Arabia · Sabaic
Alliance witness cited in the scholarly inventory; exact edition identified.
3rd century CE · Jabal Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
Rock inscription cited for campaigns against Abyssinians; lines 8–9 are discussed in the corpus.
First half of the 5th century CE · wādī Maʾsal, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite royal campaign inscription of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ḥassān Yuhaʾmin. An Arabian comparison; neither its authorship nor its date is Aksumite.
Early 3rd century CE · Barʾān temple, Maʾrib, Yemen · Sabaic
Campaign account of Shaʿirum Awtar cited as historical context; its text does not explicitly name Aksum or Ḥabašat.
