RIÉ 123
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 123Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Preserved personal name. The name is well attested in South Arabia.
BRRM
418 inscriptions
Inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
Catalogue
418 inscriptions in chronological order
Showing 121–144
RIÉ 124
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 124Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Published translation. The father’s name is local and of uncertain etymology.
GBRN bn WDGL[Yʾ]
RIÉ 125
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 125Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
GBRN
RIÉ 126
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 126Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Preserved personal name. The name is discussed under RIÉ 90.
GBRN
RIÉ 127
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 127Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Preserved personal name. The etymology is uncertain; the same name occurs in RIÉ 95, 124, and 128.
WDGLY
RIÉ 128
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 128Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Published translation with restored patronymic. The father’s name is restored from RIÉ 95.
WDGLY bn Mʿ[DʾL]
RIÉ 129
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 129Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Published translation of a fragmentary text. The first name’s completion is uncertain and the remaining names are too fragmentary for etymological interpretation.
ʿSB[…] bn KR[…] / […]ʿNN
RIÉ 130
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 130Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Published translation. The same text occurs in RIÉ 89.
WKLʾL bn GʿSY
RIÉ 133
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 133Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Conditional interpretation of line 1. The reading depends on treating the initial aleph as a symbol; line 2 is uninterpreted.
YNK bn DMʿN (?)
RIÉ 134
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 134Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Single recognizable word. Only the kinship term bn is recognized.
bn
RIÉ 135
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 135Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo
Inscription from Zeban Mororo
Published translation. ʿWB is identified as a local divinity.
ʾNʿN bn WHBM / l-ḥyw ʿWB
RIÉ 136
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 136Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Preserved personal name. The cited Arabic derivations, ‘bind’ or ‘gift,’ are proposals rather than a settled gloss.
SFDN
RIÉ 137
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 137Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both the reading and etymology are uncertain.
HNYR / RYNH
RIÉ 138
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 138Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Possible personal-name fragment. The edition compares YLM elsewhere, but the surviving reading here is incomplete.
YL[M] (?)
RIÉ 139
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 139Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Preserved but not fully certain personal name. The name is probably South Arabian in origin, but the reading and etymology are not fully certain.
ʾNʿTH
RIÉ 140
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 140Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Preserved personal name. The same name appears in the preceding entry.
ʾNʿTH
RIÉ 141
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 141Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Published translation. SFḤN is probably a local personal name despite its South Arabian ending.
SFḤN / ʾBʾBD
RIÉ 143
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 143Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Published translation. Both names may be local. Several verbal glosses are discussed for MRḤK, including ‘he protected you’ and ‘he guided you,’ but none is certain.
TWMN bn MRḤK
RIÉ 144
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 144Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Published translation of Text I. GRWHTN is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; Text II is too fragmentary to identify its name.
[…] bn GRWHTN
RIÉ 145
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 145Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Preserved personal name. Several South Arabian and Ethiopian lexical comparisons are discussed without a definitive gloss.
DBY
RIÉ 146
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 146Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Published translation. ḤBS is considered South Arabian in origin; WHBM also occurs in RIÉ 135.
ḤBS bn WHBM
RIÉ 147
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 147Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Preserved personal name. The name is also attested in South Arabia.
ḤBM
RIÉ 149
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 149Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Recognizable remains of a formula. Only remnants of the formula are preserved.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 150
No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.
RIÉ 150Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainGobo Fentseh
Inscription from Gobo Fentseh
Preserved personal name. The name probably derives from the same root as ḤQN in RIÉ 107.
ḤQM
Source register
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
481–512 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Aksumite corpus & Arabian witnesses30
Ry 506
552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
Abraha records a campaign against Maʿadd, military detachments, submission, and hostages.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ry 507
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 507. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
Ry 508
523 CE · ʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 508. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
Sayed / Murayghān 2
6th century CE; probably c. 552 · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
The qayl Mns¹ dhū-Dharnḥ records accompanying King Abraha on a campaign against Maʿadd.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Wellcome A 103664
6th century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Late Sabaic
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 308
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean dedication records an alliance with GDRT, king of Ḥabašat. Several ancient copies preserve this longer version.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 308 bis
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
The shorter recension of the Riyām dedication, preserved in several copies. The photograph shows Gl 870+872.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 314+954
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean officers dedicate bronze statues and record an embassy from Shammar dhū-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥabašat.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 350
3rd century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Sabaic
A damaged dedication recounts campaigns against several opponents, including Ḥabašat.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ry 533
Early 3rd century CE · Rayda, Yemen · Sabaic
Commanders serving Shaʿirum Awtar recount campaigns by land and sea in a dedication to their solar deity.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2
253 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5
272 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ir 12
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Wfym ʾḏrḥ dedicates a bronze statue and bull after defending Ḥashid during the reign of Shaʿirum Awtar.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ir 19
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two qayls dedicate bronze statues after campaigns of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin against Ḥabašat and their allies.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ir 20
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ir 28
c. 312–316 CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ja 574
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean kings dedicate silver statues after fighting Abyssinian forces and their allies in the western lowlands.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ja 575
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary royal dedication recounts a campaign from Ṣanʿāʾ into Sahratān and the coastal country.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ja 631
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Qṭbn ʾwkn records an embassy to GDRT, king of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites, followed by campaigns involving the prince BYGT.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ja 635
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A dedication from the Awwām temple recounts military service, including operations involving Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Robin-Umm Laylā 1
c. 160–190 CE · Umm Laylā, Yemen · Sabaic
A tribal agreement to strengthen defences and restore cisterns after Abyssinian forces reached the country.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ir 69
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Barʾān dedication combines favourable oracles, diplomacy with Ḥimyar, and campaigns against Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 2
First half of the 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
An Awwām dedication recounts conflict with Abyssinian forces in Sihām and Wādī Ḥaraḍ under Laḥayʿathat Yarkham.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 2. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Christian Julien Robin, “Sabaʾ et la Khawlān du Nord”, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 188–189, Text 8.
Ja 585
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two brothers thank ʾAlmaqah for their father’s return after an embassy to the Abyssinians and imprisonment at S³wm.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Murayghān 3
c. 552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A royal rock inscription records Abraha’s authority over Maʿadd and other Arabian communities.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ja 576+577
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A long dedication of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin recounts wars, hostages, and conflict involving Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Gr 210
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary statue base preserves a shorter version of CIH 308, including GDRT and the alliance.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- Partial English rendering: lines 10–11 only.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
al-Ḥasanī 2017
Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertain · Jabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen · Sabaic
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Nāmī NAG 13–14
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · South Arabia · Sabaic
Alliance witness cited in the scholarly inventory; exact edition identified.
- Original
- Full edition not retrieved.
- English
- Full English translation not retrieved.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved.
MAFRAY al-Miʿsāl 3
3rd century CE · Jabal Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
Rock inscription cited for campaigns against Abyssinians; lines 8–9 are discussed in the corpus.
- Original
- Full edition not retrieved.
- English
- Full English translation not retrieved.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved.
Earlier, later & uncertain comparisons2
Ry 509
First half of the 5th century CE · wādī Maʾsal, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite royal campaign inscription of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ḥassān Yuhaʾmin. An Arabian comparison; neither its authorship nor its date is Aksumite.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 509 Maʾsal 1. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Christian Julien Robin, “Himyar et Israël” (2004), discussion of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ry 509; the text belongs to the first half of the fifth century.
DAI Barʾān 2000-1
Early 3rd century CE · Barʾān temple, Maʾrib, Yemen · Sabaic
Campaign account of Shaʿirum Awtar cited as historical context; its text does not explicitly name Aksum or Ḥabašat.
- Original
- Edited Sabaic text available in DASI.
- English
- English and German translations available in DASI.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved.