RIÉ 258 · DAE 89 · FacsimileRIÉ 258Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi Alawti
RIÉ 258 unspecified
This unspecified from ʿAddi Alawti preserves uncertain abbreviated name. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
z-m-k-
418 inscriptions
Inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
Catalogue
418 inscriptions in chronological order
Showing 265–288
RIÉ 258 · DAE 89 · Facsimile
RIÉ 259 · DAE 96 · FacsimileRIÉ 259Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi Alawti
RIÉ 259 unspecified
This unspecified from ʿAddi Alawti preserves published translation with restorations.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 260 · DAE 100 · FacsimileRIÉ 260Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi Alawti
RIÉ 260 unspecified
This unspecified from ʿAddi Alawti preserves recognizable name.
Za-Yoḥannəs
RIÉ 262
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 262Aksumite corpus; date uncertainCullite
RIÉ 262 stone inscription
This pierre from Cullite preserves published translation of the surviving beginning.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 265
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 265sixth-century Aksumite presence in South ArabiaAcquired in Aden by D.H. Müller and sent to Wien, provenance unknown.
RIÉ 265 une lampe fait d'un fragment de plaque inscrite
This une lampe fait d'un fragment de plaque inscrite from Acquired in Aden by D.H. Müller and sent to Wien, provenance unknown. preserves surviving fragment, line by line. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 266
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 266sixth-century Aksumite presence in South ArabiaProvenance unknown.
RIÉ 266 inscribed slab
This dalle from Provenance unknown. preserves recognizable words only.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 267
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 267Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMeroë
RIÉ 267 dalles contiguës
This dalles contiguës from Meroë preserves recognizable phrase only.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 288
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 288Aksumite corpus; date uncertainAksum
RIÉ 288 seal
This seal from Aksum preserves surviving short text or mark.
ḤFDM / WQHʾL
RIÉ 291
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 291Aksumite corpus; date uncertainAdulis
RIÉ 291 seal
This seal from Adulis preserves surviving short text or mark.
Ratnadāma / Ratradūmi (?)
RIÉ 293
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 293Aksumite corpus; date uncertainHawelti
RIÉ 293 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Hawelti preserves surviving short text or mark.
hyw / hywt (four times)
RIÉ 294
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 294Aksumite corpus; date uncertainHawelti
RIÉ 294 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Hawelti preserves surviving short text or mark.
qm (twice)
RIÉ 296
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 296Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 296 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
srʿ / ʿrs / ʿsr / ʿsm (?)
RIÉ 297
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 297Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 297 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
hyw / hywt (twice)
RIÉ 298
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 298Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 298 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
r(b)n (?)
RIÉ 299
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 299Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 299 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
ʿdd (understood as ʿzz)
RIÉ 300
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 300Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 300 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
mts
RIÉ 301
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 301Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 301 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
hyw (twice)
RIÉ 302
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 302Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 302 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
ḥnʾt (alternative tʾnh)
RIÉ 303
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 303Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 303 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
WʿRN HYWT
RIÉ 304
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 304Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 304 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
hr (twice?) / srfh (?)
RIÉ 305
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 305Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 305 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
hyw / hywt
RIÉ 306
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 306Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 306 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
nr (twice)
RIÉ 307
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 307Aksumite corpus; date uncertainYeha
RIÉ 307 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Yeha preserves surviving short text or mark.
n(b)n (?)
RIÉ 308
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 308Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMatara
RIÉ 308 small bronze object
This small bronze object from Matara preserves surviving short text or mark.
qm
Source register
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
481–512 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Aksumite corpus & Arabian witnesses30
Ry 506
552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
Abraha records a campaign against Maʿadd, military detachments, submission, and hostages.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ry 507
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 507. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
Ry 508
523 CE · ʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 508. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
Sayed / Murayghān 2
6th century CE; probably c. 552 · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
The qayl Mns¹ dhū-Dharnḥ records accompanying King Abraha on a campaign against Maʿadd.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Wellcome A 103664
6th century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Late Sabaic
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 308
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean dedication records an alliance with GDRT, king of Ḥabašat. Several ancient copies preserve this longer version.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 308 bis
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
The shorter recension of the Riyām dedication, preserved in several copies. The photograph shows Gl 870+872.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 314+954
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean officers dedicate bronze statues and record an embassy from Shammar dhū-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥabašat.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
CIH 350
3rd century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Sabaic
A damaged dedication recounts campaigns against several opponents, including Ḥabašat.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ry 533
Early 3rd century CE · Rayda, Yemen · Sabaic
Commanders serving Shaʿirum Awtar recount campaigns by land and sea in a dedication to their solar deity.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2
253 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5
272 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ir 12
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Wfym ʾḏrḥ dedicates a bronze statue and bull after defending Ḥashid during the reign of Shaʿirum Awtar.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ir 19
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two qayls dedicate bronze statues after campaigns of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin against Ḥabašat and their allies.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ir 20
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ir 28
c. 312–316 CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ja 574
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean kings dedicate silver statues after fighting Abyssinian forces and their allies in the western lowlands.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ja 575
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary royal dedication recounts a campaign from Ṣanʿāʾ into Sahratān and the coastal country.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ja 631
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Qṭbn ʾwkn records an embassy to GDRT, king of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites, followed by campaigns involving the prince BYGT.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Ja 635
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A dedication from the Awwām temple recounts military service, including operations involving Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
Robin-Umm Laylā 1
c. 160–190 CE · Umm Laylā, Yemen · Sabaic
A tribal agreement to strengthen defences and restore cisterns after Abyssinian forces reached the country.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ir 69
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Barʾān dedication combines favourable oracles, diplomacy with Ḥimyar, and campaigns against Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 2
First half of the 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
An Awwām dedication recounts conflict with Abyssinian forces in Sihām and Wādī Ḥaraḍ under Laḥayʿathat Yarkham.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 2. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Christian Julien Robin, “Sabaʾ et la Khawlān du Nord”, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 188–189, Text 8.
Ja 585
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two brothers thank ʾAlmaqah for their father’s return after an embassy to the Abyssinians and imprisonment at S³wm.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Murayghān 3
c. 552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A royal rock inscription records Abraha’s authority over Maʿadd and other Arabian communities.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Ja 576+577
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A long dedication of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin recounts wars, hostages, and conflict involving Abyssinian forces.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Gr 210
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary statue base preserves a shorter version of CIH 308, including GDRT and the alliance.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- Partial English rendering: lines 10–11 only.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
al-Ḥasanī 2017
Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertain · Jabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen · Sabaic
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
Nāmī NAG 13–14
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · South Arabia · Sabaic
Alliance witness cited in the scholarly inventory; exact edition identified.
- Original
- Full edition not retrieved.
- English
- Full English translation not retrieved.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved.
MAFRAY al-Miʿsāl 3
3rd century CE · Jabal Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
Rock inscription cited for campaigns against Abyssinians; lines 8–9 are discussed in the corpus.
- Original
- Full edition not retrieved.
- English
- Full English translation not retrieved.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved.
Earlier, later & uncertain comparisons2
Ry 509
First half of the 5th century CE · wādī Maʾsal, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite royal campaign inscription of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ḥassān Yuhaʾmin. An Arabian comparison; neither its authorship nor its date is Aksumite.
- Original
- Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
- English
- English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
- Image
- Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 509 Maʾsal 1. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Christian Julien Robin, “Himyar et Israël” (2004), discussion of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ry 509; the text belongs to the first half of the fifth century.
DAI Barʾān 2000-1
Early 3rd century CE · Barʾān temple, Maʾrib, Yemen · Sabaic
Campaign account of Shaʿirum Awtar cited as historical context; its text does not explicitly name Aksum or Ḥabašat.
- Original
- Edited Sabaic text available in DASI.
- English
- English and German translations available in DASI.
- Image
- No exact artifact image retrieved.