418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
DAE IV no. 87, printed p. 73; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 433.RIÉ 433Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
hrd- (?)
DAE IV no. 88, printed p. 73; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 434.RIÉ 434Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
M-ʿ-sbr- / Ysbrm- / Y-ʿ-sbrm-
DAE IV no. 90, printed p. 73; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 435.RIÉ 435Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Yoḥannəs
DAE IV no. 91, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 436.RIÉ 436Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
ʾana S-nuy waqaro
DAE IV no. 92, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 437.RIÉ 437Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Saʿum … yakfat (?)
DAE IV no. 93, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 438.RIÉ 438Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Simon
DAE IV no. 94, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 439.RIÉ 439Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
ʾZB ʾana; Bāzenay ʾ-y-
DAE IV no. 95, printed p. 74; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 440.RIÉ 440Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Saʿum ʾana
DAE IV no. 97, printed p. 75; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 441.RIÉ 441Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
SMR
DAE IV no. 98, printed p. 75; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 442.RIÉ 442Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
Naʿawe ʾ-y-
DAE IV no. 99, printed p. 75; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 443.RIÉ 443Aksumite corpus; date uncertainsurroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region
This monogram from surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region preserves surviving short text or mark.
dam-s- ʾana (?)
Ry 509Ry 509First half of the 5th century CEwādī Maʾsal, Saudi Arabia
A Ḥimyarite royal campaign inscription of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ḥassān Yuhaʾmin. An Arabian comparison; neither its authorship nor its date is Aksumite.
𐩱𐩨𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩱𐩪𐩲𐩵 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩥-𐩠𐩥 𐩢𐩯𐩬 𐩺𐩠𐩱𐩣𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩱 |
No exact artifact photograph has yet been acquired for public display.
Fiaccadori 2007fifth or sixth century CEGumalē, near Aksum, Ethiopia
A Greek Christian epitaph records the burial of a child named Kyriakos and preserves his age as ten years plus a lost number of months.
✝ Ἐνθάδε κεῖτε Κυρι- ακὸς ζήσ- ας ἤτῃ ι μ- [ῆν(ας)] […]
The cited edition contains a plate of this inscription; no image is available here.
RIÉ 191early sixth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
Kaleb’s Geʿez inscription in South Arabian script recounts African campaigns, an expedition toward Himyar, and the foundation of a Christian sanctuary.
𐩱𐩴𐩸𐩱𐩨𐩢𐩧 𐩭𐩺𐩡 𐩥-𐩮𐩬𐩲 𐩱𐩴𐩸𐩱𐩨𐩢𐩧 𐩭𐩺𐩡 𐩥𐩪𐩩 𐩳𐩨𐩱 […] 𐩬𐩴𐩦 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩢𐩣𐩧 𐩥-𐩸-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩪𐩡𐩢𐩬 𐩥-𐩷𐩵𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩥-𐩩𐩠𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩫𐩡 𐩲𐩧𐩨𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩨𐩴 𐩥-𐩬𐩨 𐩥-𐩸-𐩫𐩪 𐩥-𐩮𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩸-𐩵𐩧𐩨𐩩
Gar antichità 9 dGar antichità 9 d509 CEBayt al-Ashwāl, Ẓafār, Yemen, Yemen
A dated building inscription invokes Raḥmānān and King Marthadʾilān Yanuf; included as an Arabian chronological witness.
[... ... ]𐩨-𐩢𐩣𐩵 𐩧𐩢𐩣𐩬𐩬 𐩨𐩲𐩡 𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩨-
The cited edition contains a plate of this inscription; no image is available here.
RIÉ 192early sixth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
King WʿZB invokes the Trinity and describes his campaign against the WYTL, royal succession, captives, booty, and a dedicatory conclusion.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
Ja 1028Ja 1028523 CEBiʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia
A commander of Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar records the destruction of churches and conflict with Abyssinian forces.
𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫𐩬 𐩱𐩡𐩬 𐩹-𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩱𐩧𐩳𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩺𐩥𐩪𐩰 𐩱𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩺𐩻𐩱𐩧 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩫𐩡 𐩱𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 𐩥-𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫𐩬 𐩱𐩤𐩥𐩡𐩬
Ry 507Ry 507523 CEBiʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫𐩬 𐩱𐩡𐩠𐩬 𐩹-𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩪[𐩣𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩱𐩧𐩳𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩺𐩪𐩰 𐩱𐩪𐩱𐩧 𐩺𐩻𐩱𐩧 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩫𐩡] 𐩱𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 [𐩥-𐩡-𐩺𐩨𐩧𐩫]𐩬 𐩱𐩤𐩡-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩣𐩧𐩱𐩪-𐩠𐩣𐩥
Ry 508Ry 508523 CEʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
𐩤𐩺𐩡𐩬 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩱𐩡 𐩺𐩤𐩨𐩡 𐩨𐩬 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩺𐩫𐩣𐩡 𐩨𐩬𐩥 𐩺𐩸𐩱𐩬 𐩥-𐩴𐩵𐩬𐩣 𐩥-𐩢𐩨𐩣 𐩥-𐩬𐩪𐩱𐩬 𐩥-𐩶𐩨𐩱
CIH 621CIH 621530 CEBiʾr ʿAlī, Yemen
Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ and his sons record repairs to a fortress after returning from Ḥabašat and an Abyssinian invasion of Ḥimyar.
𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩰𐩲 𐩱𐩦𐩥𐩲 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩺-𐩠𐩥 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩺𐩫𐩣𐩡 𐩥-𐩣𐩲𐩵𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩺𐩲𐩰𐩧 𐩨𐩬𐩺 𐩡𐩢𐩺𐩲𐩩 |
Ist 7608 bisIst 7608 bisc. 530s CEḌāf, Yemen
A Christian royal fragment names Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ, the rulers of Aksum, and Ella Aṣbeḥa. Its relationship to Wellcome A 103664 is uncertain.
[... ... 𐩥-𐩣𐩬]𐩰𐩪 𐩤𐩵𐩪 𐩪𐩣𐩺𐩰𐩲 𐩱𐩦𐩥𐩲 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪[𐩨𐩱 ... ...]
RIÉ 195RIÉ 195about 530 CEMaʾrib, Yemen
Two fragmentary Geʿez slabs preserve an Aksumite account of a Red Sea crossing, fighting, captives, a Himyarite king, and the burning of the palace of Sabaʾ.
…ወተ…፡ …፡ ወያዓቢየከ፡ …፡ …ዶኩ፡ መርሰ፡ ዘስሙ፡ …፡ …ለ፡ ምስለ፡ አሕዛቢ…፡ …፡ ከመ፡ ይቤ፡ መዝሙር፡ ይትነሣእ፡ …፡ …፡ ጸላእቱ፡ እምቅድመ፡ ገጹ፡ …፡ …፡ ወፄውዎ፡ ወበርበረ…፡ …ሰደደ፡ አሕዛበ፡ እምቅድመ፡ …፡ …ቤትኩ፡ ውስተ፡ ሐመር፡ …፡ …ታ፡ ሐይቃ፡ ዘመጠወኒ፡ እግዚአ፡ ብሔር፡ …፡ …መራን፡ ወመንፈቁ፡ አሕዛብየ፡ …፡ …፡ መንፈቁ፡ አሕዛብየ፡ ወረደ፡ እንተ፡ ቀርጸ፡ …፡ …መንፈቁ፡ አሕዛብየ፡ ወረደ፡ …፡
Wellcome A 103664Wellcome A 1036646th century CEUnknown, Unknown
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
[... ...]𐩣 𐩥𐩦𐩧[... ...]
RIÉ 263RIÉ 263sixth century CEẒafār, Yemen
A nine-line Geʿez fragment from Himyar preserves isolated phrases from an Aksumite report; no continuous sentence survives.
1 … [word dividers] … 2 … nə wa-ʾābəḥ … 3 … [hāy]mānota ʾab … 4 … ʾangabenāy la … 5 … [K]rəstos yəma[wwəʾ] … 6 … qa ba-ṣərʾ ba-sa[lām] … 7 … nāwi wa-baṣaḥku … 8 … [waʿa]lku samuna ʿəla[ta] … 9 … yəśśənu śa …
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
481–512 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
Abraha records a campaign against Maʿadd, military detachments, submission, and hostages.
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
523 CE · ʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
6th century CE; probably c. 552 · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
The qayl Mns¹ dhū-Dharnḥ records accompanying King Abraha on a campaign against Maʿadd.
6th century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Late Sabaic
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean dedication records an alliance with GDRT, king of Ḥabašat. Several ancient copies preserve this longer version.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
The shorter recension of the Riyām dedication, preserved in several copies. The photograph shows Gl 870+872.
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean officers dedicate bronze statues and record an embassy from Shammar dhū-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥabašat.
3rd century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Sabaic
A damaged dedication recounts campaigns against several opponents, including Ḥabašat.
Early 3rd century CE · Rayda, Yemen · Sabaic
Commanders serving Shaʿirum Awtar recount campaigns by land and sea in a dedication to their solar deity.
253 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
272 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Wfym ʾḏrḥ dedicates a bronze statue and bull after defending Ḥashid during the reign of Shaʿirum Awtar.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two qayls dedicate bronze statues after campaigns of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin against Ḥabašat and their allies.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
c. 312–316 CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean kings dedicate silver statues after fighting Abyssinian forces and their allies in the western lowlands.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary royal dedication recounts a campaign from Ṣanʿāʾ into Sahratān and the coastal country.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Qṭbn ʾwkn records an embassy to GDRT, king of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites, followed by campaigns involving the prince BYGT.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A dedication from the Awwām temple recounts military service, including operations involving Abyssinian forces.
c. 160–190 CE · Umm Laylā, Yemen · Sabaic
A tribal agreement to strengthen defences and restore cisterns after Abyssinian forces reached the country.
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Barʾān dedication combines favourable oracles, diplomacy with Ḥimyar, and campaigns against Abyssinian forces.
First half of the 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
An Awwām dedication recounts conflict with Abyssinian forces in Sihām and Wādī Ḥaraḍ under Laḥayʿathat Yarkham.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two brothers thank ʾAlmaqah for their father’s return after an embassy to the Abyssinians and imprisonment at S³wm.
c. 552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A royal rock inscription records Abraha’s authority over Maʿadd and other Arabian communities.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A long dedication of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin recounts wars, hostages, and conflict involving Abyssinian forces.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary statue base preserves a shorter version of CIH 308, including GDRT and the alliance.
Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertain · Jabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen · Sabaic
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · South Arabia · Sabaic
Alliance witness cited in the scholarly inventory; exact edition identified.
3rd century CE · Jabal Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
Rock inscription cited for campaigns against Abyssinians; lines 8–9 are discussed in the corpus.
First half of the 5th century CE · wādī Maʾsal, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite royal campaign inscription of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ḥassān Yuhaʾmin. An Arabian comparison; neither its authorship nor its date is Aksumite.
Early 3rd century CE · Barʾān temple, Maʾrib, Yemen · Sabaic
Campaign account of Shaʿirum Awtar cited as historical context; its text does not explicitly name Aksum or Ḥabašat.
