418 inscriptions

Inscriptions

DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.

RIÉ 189ʿEzana’s Noba campaignAksum, Ethiopia

Catalogue

418 inscriptions in chronological order

Showing 73–96

RIÉ 77

RIÉ 77Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea

RIÉ 77: stone piece from Feqya

DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a stone piece of stone from Feqya, Eritrea.

𐩪𐩦𐩧𐩥𐩣 [... ...]

Ethiopian Early SabaicRead text

RIÉ 78

RIÉ 78Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea

RIÉ 78: stone piece from Feqya

DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a stone piece of stone from Feqya, Eritrea.

[... ...](𐩣)((𐩦)) 𐩨𐩬 𐩺𐩨𐩦𐩣

Ethiopian Early SabaicRead text

RIÉ 79

RIÉ 79Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea

RIÉ 79: stone piece from Feqya

DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Feqya, Eritrea.

𐩧𐩵𐩱((𐩧𐩵𐩱))

Ethiopian Early SabaicRead text

RIÉ 81

RIÉ 81Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea

RIÉ 81: stone piece from Feqya

DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Feqya, Eritrea.

𐩺𐩢𐩬𐩬𐩣 𐩨𐩬 𐩲𐩺𐩵𐩵

Ethiopian Early SabaicRead text

RIÉ 82

RIÉ 82Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea

RIÉ 82: stone piece from Feqya

DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Feqya, Eritrea.

𐩠𐩲𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩢𐩺𐩥

Ethiopian Early SabaicRead text

RIÉ 83

RIÉ 83Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Barachit, Debub, Eritrea

RIÉ 83: stone piece from Barachit

DASI catalogues this inscription on a stone piece of stone from Barachit, Eritrea, now recorded at Asmara.

𐩢𐩺𐩳𐩳 𐩨𐩬|

Ethiopian Early SabaicRead text

RIÉ 84

RIÉ 84Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Dera, Eritrea

RIÉ 84: slab from Dera

DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary on a slab of stone from Dera, Eritrea.

[... ...]𐩣 𐩹-𐩧𐩺—

Ethiopian Early SabaicRead text

Five-line Ethio-Sabaean inscription on the altar block from Ṣ́ǝrḥan

GE Ṣ́ǝrḥan 1 · Altar dedication · Photograph

GE Ṣ́ǝrḥan 1First half of the 1st millennium BCEṢ́ǝrḥan, Aḥfärom, Tǝgray, Ethiopia

Taʿattarat’s altar dedication to ḏāt Ḥamēn

A woman named Taʿattarat dedicated a Maslam altar to ḏāt Ḥamēn under the authority of the previously unattested king ḏū Lakkān, grandson of king Lāmān.

◊ / 𐩩𐩲𐩩𐩧𐩩 / 𐩠𐩤𐩬

Ethio-SabaeanRead text

RIÉ 38

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 38Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainYeha

Inscription from Yeha

Surviving fragment, partly interpreted. The beginning is lost. The readings and meanings of the intervening words are uncertain; the final protective formula is translated by the edition.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 47

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 47Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainYeha

Inscription from Yeha

Surviving text, partly interpreted. mṭry designates the altar but its precise meaning is uncertain. The final sequence ws nsb tyw remains uninterpreted; “projection” describes the stone surface.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 58

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 58Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainMatara during the excavation of the mound B

Dedication from Matara during the excavation of the mound B

Surviving dedicatory fragment. The beginning, ending, and part of the divine name are lost; brackets retain the edition’s restoration.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 64

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 64Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainMatara during the excavation of the mound E2

Inscription from Matara during the excavation of the mound E2

Probable personal name. The same letter sequence names the tribe Bakīl elsewhere, but the edition considers a personal name more likely here.

BKLM

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 68

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 68Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainMatara

Inscription from Matara

Name; other marks uninterpreted. Two m signs on the right-hand stone remain uninterpreted.

ʿNYM

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 69

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 69Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainDibdib

Dedication from Dibdib

Published translation of the three-line dedication. DWL may designate a locality, region, people, or tribe; the edition does not resolve which.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 74

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 74Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainFeqya, engraved on a stone

Dedication from Feqya, engraved on a stone

Surviving dedication with editorial restoration. The lost verb could have been singular or plural. <This stone> is supplied from the object, not a surviving word.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 75

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 75Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainFeqya, engraved on a stone

Dedication from Feqya, engraved on a stone

Published translation of the surviving three-line dedication. <This stone> is supplied from the object. HYW is probably a co-dedicant.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

Early highland inscriptionRead text

Published facsimile for DAE IV 36, corresponding to RIÉ 85.

DAE IV no. 36, printed p. 63; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 85.

RIÉ 85Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainTokhonda, engraved on a stone

Inscription from Tokhonda, engraved on a stone

Published translation of two short texts. The divine names in Text II are probable readings; the etymology of YGDY is uncertain.

YGDY / ḤBS // [ʿW]B / NYRWY

Early highland inscriptionRead text

Published facsimile for DAE IV 37, corresponding to RIÉ 86.

DAE IV no. 37, printed p. 63; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 86.

RIÉ 86Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainTokhonda, engraved on a stone

Inscription from Tokhonda, engraved on a stone

Probable personal name. The name is otherwise unknown; its proposed compound structure has no convincing etymology.

SBGLY

Early highland inscriptionRead text

Published facsimile for DAE IV 38, corresponding to RIÉ 87.

DAE IV no. 38, printed p. 64; facsimile corresponding to RIÉ 87.

RIÉ 87Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainTokhonda, engraved on a stone

Inscription from Tokhonda, engraved on a stone

Preferred identification within an uncertain text. Drewes prefers a personal-name interpretation of ḤYWT over Littmann’s tentative ‘for the life of ʾAgʷabat’; the exact form and etymology of the other names remain doubtful.

ḤYWT (?)

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 88

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 88Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainTokhonda, engraved on a stone

Inscription from Tokhonda, engraved on a stone

Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are offered; the root is secure but the final consonant is not.

SMʿN / SMʿS

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 89

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 89Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainKelette Afa, engraved on a stone

Inscription from Kelette Afa, engraved on a stone

Published translation. GʿSY may be a local name; its etymology is uncertain.

WKLʾL bn GʿSY

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 90

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 90Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone

Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 91 and 124–126.

GBRN

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 91

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 91Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone

Two preserved personal names. The etymology of ḤDBR remains uncertain.

GBRN // ḤDBR

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 92

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 92Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Two partly legible names from four texts. Only the names in Texts II and III are more or less legible; the reading and derivation of both remain doubtful.

WNʾN / ʿNʾN (?) // DBRY

Early highland inscriptionRead text

Source register

RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.

421–480 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.

Aksumite corpus & Arabian witnesses56

RIÉ 393
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 428
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 65, no. 46.
RIÉ 394
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 429
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 66, no. 47.
RIÉ 395
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 430
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 66, no. 48.
RIÉ 396
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 430
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 66, no. 49.
RIÉ 397
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 431
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 66, no. 50.
RIÉ 398
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 432
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 66, no. 51.
RIÉ 399
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 433
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 52.
RIÉ 401
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 433
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 53b.
RIÉ 402
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 434
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 53c.
RIÉ 404
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 435
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 54.
RIÉ 405
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 436
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 55.
RIÉ 406
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 436
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 56.
RIÉ 407
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 437
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 68, no. 57.
RIÉ 408
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 437
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 68, no. 58.
RIÉ 409
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 438
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 68, no. 59–60.
RIÉ 410
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 439
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 68, no. 59–60.
RIÉ 411
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 440
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 68, no. 61.
RIÉ 412
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 440
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 69, no. 62.
RIÉ 413
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available: upper monogram of DAE 63.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 441
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 69, no. 63.
RIÉ 414
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 441
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 69, no. 64.
RIÉ 416
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 442
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 69, no. 66.
RIÉ 417
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 443
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 70, no. 67.
RIÉ 418
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 444
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 70, no. 69.
RIÉ 419
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 444
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 70, no. 70–71–72.
RIÉ 420
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 445
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 73.
RIÉ 421
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 446
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 73a.
RIÉ 422
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 446
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 74.
RIÉ 423
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 447
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 75.
RIÉ 424
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 447
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 76.
RIÉ 425
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 447
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 77.
RIÉ 426
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 448
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 78.
RIÉ 427
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 449
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 79.
RIÉ 428
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 449
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 80.
RIÉ 429
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 450
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 81.
RIÉ 430
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 450
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 82.
RIÉ 431
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 451
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 83.
RIÉ 432
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 451
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 84.
RIÉ 433
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 452
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 73, no. 87.
RIÉ 434
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 452
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 73, no. 88.
RIÉ 435
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 453
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 73, no. 90.
RIÉ 436
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 454
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 91.
RIÉ 437
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 454
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 92.
RIÉ 438
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 455
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 93.
RIÉ 439
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 456
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 94.
RIÉ 440
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 456
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 95.
RIÉ 441
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 456
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 75, no. 97.
RIÉ 442
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 457
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 75, no. 98.
RIÉ 443
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 457
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 75, no. 99.
Ẓafār 08-077
after 525 CE · Ẓafār, Yemen · Geʿez
after the Aksumite conquest of Himyar beginning in 525 CE
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- Walter W. Müller, ‘Äthiopische Inschriftenfragmente aus der himjarischen Hauptstadt Ẓafār’, Aethiopica 15 (2012), pp. 10–13, fig. 1
- Walter W. Müller, ‘Äthiopische Inschriftenfragmente aus der himjarischen Hauptstadt Ẓafār’, Aethiopica 15 (2012), pp. 7–21.
CIH 541
548 CE · Maʾrib, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Abraha’s long royal inscription records a revolt, dam repairs, a church dedication, and embassies from neighbouring powers.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 541 Sadd Maʾrib 5. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
CIH 621
530 CE · Biʾr ʿAlī, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ and his sons record repairs to a fortress after returning from Ḥabašat and an Abyssinian invasion of Ḥimyar.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 621 Ry 342; RES 2633; RES 5091. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
DAI GDN 2002-20
548 CE · Maʾrib, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Abraha records the construction, dimensions, and completion of a structure at the Great Dam of Maʾrib.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- DAI GDN 2002-20 Sadd Maʾrib 4. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Gr 27
Late 3rd–early 4th century CE · Bayt al-Ashwāl, Ẓafār, Yemen, Yemen · Late Sabaic
A building dedication records reconstruction after a fire attributed to Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Gr 27. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ist 7608 bis
c. 530s CE · Ḍāf, Yemen · Late Sabaic
A Christian royal fragment names Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ, the rulers of Aksum, and Ella Aṣbeḥa. Its relationship to Wellcome A 103664 is uncertain.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ist 7608 bis RES 3904. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 547+Ja 546+Ja 544+Ja 545
558 CE · Maʾrib, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Tribal leaders commemorate work on the Maʾrib dam under Abraha. Four separately numbered portions form one inscription.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ja 547+Ja 546+Ja 544+Ja 545 Sadd Maʾrib 6. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 1028
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A commander of Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar records the destruction of churches and conflict with Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ja 1028. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.

Earlier, later & uncertain comparisons4

RIÉ 400
commentary includes a pre-Aksumite comparison or possible assignment · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Possibly pre-Aksumite; retained for comparison
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 433
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 53a.
RIÉ 403
commentary includes a pre-Aksumite comparison or possible assignment · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Possibly pre-Aksumite; retained for comparison
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 434
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 67, no. 53d.
RIÉ 415
commentary includes a pre-Aksumite comparison or possible assignment · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Possibly pre-Aksumite; retained for comparison
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 441
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 69, no. 65.
Gar antichità 9 d
509 CE · Bayt al-Ashwāl, Ẓafār, Yemen, Yemen · Late Sabaic
A dated building inscription invokes Raḥmānān and King Marthadʾilān Yanuf; included as an Arabian chronological witness.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Gar AY 9d. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.