418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
ʿAddi Baʿekel 1ʿAddi Baʿekel 1Possibly 8th–7th century BCE; a later date cannot be excludedʿAddi Baʿekel, Daʾero area north of Feresmay, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A dressed block probably from a public monument preserves a damaged six-line boustrophedon text in a local Semitic language close to Sabaic; the editors’ tentative interpretation mentions mutual aid and harvests, but the context is lost.
…] 𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩩 / 𐩩
Addi Akaweh 1Addi Akaweh 1Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAddi Akaweh, Ethiopia
A better-preserved parallel to RIÉ 9 confirms and refines the reading of Rdʾm’s DʿMT formula.
𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣 𐩣𐩡𐩫←𐩬 (𐩮)𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩪←[𐩧𐩺𐩩 ]𐩣𐩫𐩧(𐩨) 𐩵—
Afṣe 1Afṣe 1Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger)Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A heavily eroded middle fragment preserves parts of two boustrophedon lines, including a dedicatory verb and the gods ʿAttar and Wadd; the latter’s epithet is lost.
… [𐩬]𐩩𐩣 / 𐩠𐩤𐩬[𐩺 /] …
Afṣe 2Afṣe 2Early 1st millennium BCE (archaic ductus; no narrower date stated by Weninger)Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A roughly 56 cm-high incense burner with crescent and solar disc carries a short rightward inscription. Weninger treats Ṣdqn as a possible divine name and ḏ- as the possible opening of an epithet; the remaining signs are uninterpreted.
𐩮𐩵𐩤𐩬𐩹 …
Henze 1Henze 1Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger)Parakleitos monastery, near the old Adigrat–Däbrä Damo road, Tǝgray, Ethiopia
A middle fragment of a raised-relief stone slab preserves four alternating lines of a dedication to Almaqah; Weninger tentatively reads yḥʾ as the ancient spelling of Yeha but explicitly leaves that identification uncertain.
… 𐩧 / …
HG Färäs May 1HG Färäs May 1 / HG Färäs May 2010About the 7th century BCE or earlier (palaeographic)Found at Guldam near Yeha; kept at Färäs May, Tǝgray, Ethiopia when published
The one-line name inscription and repeated monogram mark a high-quality bronze kettle as belonging to Tubbaʿkarib of the Yasrān clan, which Nebes connects with Sabaean stonemasons from the Maʾrib region; the text contains no dedication formula.
◊ 𐩩𐩨𐩲𐩫𐩧𐩨 / 𐩹-𐩺𐩪𐩧𐩬
MG 1MG 1Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text - fragmentary (conjectural) on a altar of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
[... ...] 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 (𐩮)[𐩧𐩲𐩬 ... ...]
MG 2MG 2Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a of statue with dedicatory inscription of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩡-𐩥𐩫𐩨
MG 3MG 3Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEMäqabər Gaʿəwa, Ethiopia
An in-situ altar calls Wʿrn the victorious king, son of Rdʾm, and records his leadership of the temple at Yeha, but never names DʿMT.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣 𐩥-𐩦𐩭𐩩𐩣 𐩲𐩧(𐩫)←[𐩺𐩩](𐩬) 𐩠𐩢𐩵𐩪 𐩡-𐩱𐩡𐩣↯𐩤𐩠 𐩺𐩥𐩣 𐩩𐩨𐩲𐩡 𐩨𐩺𐩩 𐩱𐩡𐩣↯𐩤𐩠 𐩨-𐩺𐩢𐩱 ←𐩨-𐩬𐩭𐩺 𐩲𐩻𐩩𐩧 𐩥-𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩥-𐩹𐩩-𐩢𐩣𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩹𐩩-𐩨𐩲←𐩵𐩬|
MG 4MG 4Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this dedicatory text on a stone piece of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
𐩨-𐩬𐩭𐩺 𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩭𐩺𐩧𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩴𐩧𐩨𐩺𐩬|
MG 5MG 5Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this inscription on a altar of stone from Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Ethiopia, now recorded at Wuqro, Museum.
[... ...]𐩩𐩲𐩣 [... ...]
RIÉ 1RIÉ 1Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAmda Tsyon, Ethiopia
A royal temple-restoration slab naming Wʿrn Ḥywt and a female dynastic figure, but not DʿMT itself.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩢𐩺𐩥𐩩 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩬
RIÉ 2RIÉ 2Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAbba Pantaleon, Aksum
A two-line royal fragment preserves the formula ‘became king of DʿMT, its east and west’ and the deity ḏt-Bʿdn.
[... ...]𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩥 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩣𐩦𐩧𐩤[-𐩠𐩺 𐩥-𐩣𐩲𐩧𐩨-𐩠𐩺 ... ...]
RIÉ 3RIÉ 3Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; fragment now at Aksum
A very short altar fragment preserves the title mukarrib of DʿMT; Schneider tentatively linked it to RIÉ 19.
[... ... 𐩣𐩫]𐩧(𐩨) 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩬[... ...]
RIÉ 4RIÉ 4Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this royal inscription on a stone piece of stone from Enda Tcherqos, Ethiopia, now recorded at Addis Abeba, National Archaeological Museum, JE 1873.
[... ... 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩪𐩡𐩣𐩣]
RIÉ 5 ARIÉ 5 AEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; reused in church wall
A construction fragment names Lmn as victorious king of Ygʿḏ and mukarrib of DʿMT and Sabaʾ; DASI cautions against automatically joining it to RIÉ 5B.
𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩺𐩴𐩲𐩹𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩨—
RIÉ 5 BRIÉ 5 BEarly 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; reused in church wall
DASI calls the text conjectural and notes palaeographic difficulty in treating 5A and 5B as one inscription; the initial Dʿ of DʿMT is restored, so this is not an independent direct attestation.
[... ... 𐩵𐩲]𐩣𐩩 𐩣𐩦𐩧𐩤-𐩠𐩺 𐩥-𐩣𐩲𐩧𐩨-𐩠𐩺 𐩱𐩵𐩣-𐩠𐩺 𐩥-𐩮𐩡𐩣-𐩠𐩺 𐩨-𐩬—
RIÉ 6RIÉ 6Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia
DASI catalogues this royal inscription on a stone piece of stone from Hawlti, Ethiopia.
[... ...]
RIÉ 7RIÉ 7Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia; altar now in the National Archaeological Museum, Addis Ababa
A fragmentary royal altar text, partly restored from RIÉ 1, associates Wʿrn Ḥywt with Yeha but does not name DʿMT.
[... ... 𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬] 𐩢𐩺[𐩥𐩩] ←[𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 ]𐩨𐩬 𐩨[𐩬 ] ←[𐩪𐩡](𐩣𐩣) 𐩰𐩷𐩧𐩬 (𐩥)-[𐩪𐩣𐩲𐩩𐩣 ]𐩲—
RIÉ 8RIÉ 8Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEAddi Gelemo, Ethiopia
The damaged incense burner names Rbḥ as victorious king of Ygʿḏ and mukarrib of DʿMT and Sabaʾ, then invokes his household and fields.
[... ... 𐩧𐩨](𐩢) 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩺𐩴←𐩲𐩹𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩
RIÉ 9RIÉ 9Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; preserved at Abba Garima church
A royal incense burner defines Rdʾm’s DʿMT in territorial and social formulae—east/west, Sabaeans/settlers, Red/Black—and names its protective gods.
𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣[ 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮]←𐩧𐩲𐩬 𐩪𐩧𐩺𐩩 𐩣←[𐩫𐩧𐩨 ]𐩵𐩲𐩣𐩩 𐩨𐩬
RIÉ 10RIÉ 10Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; preserved at Abba Garima church
A fifteen-line boustrophedon dedication names Lmn, son of Rbḥ, and gives the fullest surviving DʿMT kingship formula.
[𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩮]—
RIÉ 11RIÉ 11Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCEKaskase, Eritrea
A terse two-line column inscription names Wʿrn Ḥywt and his descent from S¹lmm, without naming DʿMT.
𐩥𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩢𐩺𐩥𐩩 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬|
RIÉ 12RIÉ 12Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A)Kaskase/Keskese, Senafe area, Eritrea; in-situ architectural column
A single damaged line preserves the royal name Rdʾm and title ‘king’, but no DʿMT title survives.
𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩣 𐩣𐩡[𐩫𐩬 ... ...]
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
481–512 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
Abraha records a campaign against Maʿadd, military detachments, submission, and hostages.
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
523 CE · ʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
6th century CE; probably c. 552 · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
The qayl Mns¹ dhū-Dharnḥ records accompanying King Abraha on a campaign against Maʿadd.
6th century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Late Sabaic
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean dedication records an alliance with GDRT, king of Ḥabašat. Several ancient copies preserve this longer version.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
The shorter recension of the Riyām dedication, preserved in several copies. The photograph shows Gl 870+872.
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean officers dedicate bronze statues and record an embassy from Shammar dhū-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥabašat.
3rd century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Sabaic
A damaged dedication recounts campaigns against several opponents, including Ḥabašat.
Early 3rd century CE · Rayda, Yemen · Sabaic
Commanders serving Shaʿirum Awtar recount campaigns by land and sea in a dedication to their solar deity.
253 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
272 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Wfym ʾḏrḥ dedicates a bronze statue and bull after defending Ḥashid during the reign of Shaʿirum Awtar.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two qayls dedicate bronze statues after campaigns of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin against Ḥabašat and their allies.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
c. 312–316 CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean kings dedicate silver statues after fighting Abyssinian forces and their allies in the western lowlands.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary royal dedication recounts a campaign from Ṣanʿāʾ into Sahratān and the coastal country.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Qṭbn ʾwkn records an embassy to GDRT, king of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites, followed by campaigns involving the prince BYGT.
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A dedication from the Awwām temple recounts military service, including operations involving Abyssinian forces.
c. 160–190 CE · Umm Laylā, Yemen · Sabaic
A tribal agreement to strengthen defences and restore cisterns after Abyssinian forces reached the country.
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Barʾān dedication combines favourable oracles, diplomacy with Ḥimyar, and campaigns against Abyssinian forces.
First half of the 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
An Awwām dedication recounts conflict with Abyssinian forces in Sihām and Wādī Ḥaraḍ under Laḥayʿathat Yarkham.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two brothers thank ʾAlmaqah for their father’s return after an embassy to the Abyssinians and imprisonment at S³wm.
c. 552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A royal rock inscription records Abraha’s authority over Maʿadd and other Arabian communities.
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A long dedication of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin recounts wars, hostages, and conflict involving Abyssinian forces.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary statue base preserves a shorter version of CIH 308, including GDRT and the alliance.
Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertain · Jabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen · Sabaic
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · South Arabia · Sabaic
Alliance witness cited in the scholarly inventory; exact edition identified.
3rd century CE · Jabal Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
Rock inscription cited for campaigns against Abyssinians; lines 8–9 are discussed in the corpus.
First half of the 5th century CE · wādī Maʾsal, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite royal campaign inscription of Abīkarib Asʿad and Ḥassān Yuhaʾmin. An Arabian comparison; neither its authorship nor its date is Aksumite.
Early 3rd century CE · Barʾān temple, Maʾrib, Yemen · Sabaic
Campaign account of Shaʿirum Awtar cited as historical context; its text does not explicitly name Aksum or Ḥabašat.
