418 inscriptions

Inscriptions

DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.

RIÉ 189ʿEzana’s Noba campaignAksum, Ethiopia

Catalogue

243 inscriptions in chronological order

Showing 49–72

Facsimile of RIÉ 201, published as DAE 16.

RIÉ 201 · DAE 16 · Facsimile

RIÉ 201Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 201 stone inscription

This pierre from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

Facsimile of RIÉ 203, published as DAE 20.

RIÉ 203 · DAE 20 · Facsimile

RIÉ 203Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 203 stone inscription

This pierre from ʾAksum preserves complete tentative ownership or maker’s formula. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

z-Walbanā / z-Walobanā (?)

GeʿezRead text

Facsimile of RIÉ 204, published as DAE 21.

RIÉ 204 · DAE 21 · Facsimile

RIÉ 204Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 204 stone inscription

This pierre from ʾAksum preserves partial published translation of a broken two-line text. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

Facsimile of RIÉ 205, published as DAE 22.

RIÉ 205 · DAE 22 · Facsimile

RIÉ 205Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 205 stone inscription

This plaque from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of two lines.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 206

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 206Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 206 fragment

This fragment from ʾAksum preserves alternative interpretations of a two-line fragment. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

ʾana […] / gb[…]

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 208

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 208Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 208 building-stone marks

This bloc from ʾAksum preserves single mason’s mark.

s-shaped mark

GeʿezRead text

Facsimile of RIÉ 209, published as DAE 25 A.

RIÉ 209 · DAE 25 A · Facsimile

RIÉ 209Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 209 mur

This mur from ʾAksum preserves possible inscription fragment or mason’s mark. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

w / ḥ / r (?)

GeʿezRead text

Facsimile of RIÉ 210, published as DAE 25 B.

RIÉ 210 · DAE 25 B · Facsimile

RIÉ 210Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

Inscribed mark from ʾAksum

Drewes rejects the proposed South Arabian reading and identifies the signs as probable mason’s marks.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

Facsimile of RIÉ 211, published as DAE 25 C.

RIÉ 211 · DAE 25 C · Facsimile

RIÉ 211Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 211 building-stone marks

This bloc from ʾAksum preserves single mason’s mark.

ʿ-shaped mark

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 212

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 212Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum

RIÉ 212 building-stone marks

This bloc from ʾAksum preserves selected interpreted marks from a composite catalogue of sixty-four inscribed building stones. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

Stone 28: z-MʿR Stone 38: z-[personal name?] Stone 49: ŚRB Stone 54: z-[…]

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 213

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 213Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMeʾelan Debbas

RIÉ 213 building-stone marks

This bloc from Meʾelan Debbas preserves complete three-line text with one conjectural noun.

z-qśw z-[m]qbr z-HMN

GeʿezRead text

Facsimile of RIÉ 214, published as DAE 23.

RIÉ 214 · DAE 23 · Facsimile

RIÉ 214Aksumite corpus; date uncertainAbba Liqanos

RIÉ 214 stone inscription

This pierre from Abba Liqanos preserves tentative interpretation of a two-line fragment. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

ʾana [name lost] / gb[rku] (?)

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 215

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 215Aksumite corpus; date uncertainAbba Mäṭaʿ

RIÉ 215 basin

This basin from Abba Mäṭaʿ preserves complete short text with alternative grammatical analyses. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

z-lwd

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 217

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 217Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAmbā ʾAddi Māqdās

RIÉ 217 building-stone marks

This bloc from ʾAmbā ʾAddi Māqdās preserves complete published translation.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 218

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 218Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʿAnza

RIÉ 218 stele

This stele from ʿAnza preserves complete published translation of eight lines.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 219

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 219Aksumite corpus; date uncertainNāzret Māryām

RIÉ 219 basin

This basin from Nāzret Māryām preserves complete published translation across four faces, with a lost sculptor’s name.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 221

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 221Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMay Mbio

RIÉ 221 roc

This roc from May Mbio preserves complete short graffito with alternative readings. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.

z-lbby / z-lbbʿ

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 222

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 222Aksumite corpus; date uncertainDǝḵana

RIÉ 222 building-stone marks

This bloc from Dǝḵana preserves complete published translation of two lines.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 224

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 224Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMaṭarā

RIÉ 224 stone inscription

This pierre from Maṭarā preserves ownership or workman’s formula.

zwd

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 225

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 225Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMaṭarā

RIÉ 225 stone inscription

This pierre from Maṭarā preserves line 1 only.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 226

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 226Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMaṭarā

RIÉ 226 stone inscription

This pierre from Maṭarā preserves published interpretation of the single word.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 228

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 228Aksumite corpus; date uncertainEdit

RIÉ 228 affleurement de roc

This affleurement de roc from Edit preserves published translation of the three-line graffito.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 229

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 229Aksumite corpus; date uncertainEdit

RIÉ 229 affleurement de roc

This affleurement de roc from Edit preserves both texts.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

RIÉ 230

No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.

RIÉ 230Aksumite corpus; date uncertainEdit

RIÉ 230 affleurement de roc

This affleurement de roc from Edit preserves published translation.

Native-script transcription is not available here.

GeʿezRead text

Source register

RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.

241–296 of 296 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.

Aksumite corpus & Arabian witnesses56

RIÉ 426
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 448
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 71, no. 78.
RIÉ 427
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 449
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 79.
RIÉ 428
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 449
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 80.
RIÉ 429
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 450
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 81.
RIÉ 430
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 450
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 82.
RIÉ 431
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 451
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 83.
RIÉ 432
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 451
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 72, no. 84.
RIÉ 433
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 452
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 73, no. 87.
RIÉ 434
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 452
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 73, no. 88.
RIÉ 435
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 453
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 73, no. 90.
RIÉ 436
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 454
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 91.
RIÉ 437
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 454
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 92.
RIÉ 438
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 455
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 93.
RIÉ 439
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 456
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 94.
RIÉ 440
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 456
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 74, no. 95.
RIÉ 441
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 456
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 75, no. 97.
RIÉ 442
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 457
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 75, no. 98.
RIÉ 443
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · surroundings of ʿAddi ʿAlawti / Qohayto region · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact published facsimile available in the reader.
- Abraham J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), printed p. 457
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 75, no. 99.
Ẓafār 08-077
after 525 CE · Ẓafār, Yemen · Geʿez
after the Aksumite conquest of Himyar beginning in 525 CE
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- Walter W. Müller, ‘Äthiopische Inschriftenfragmente aus der himjarischen Hauptstadt Ẓafār’, Aethiopica 15 (2012), pp. 10–13, fig. 1
- Walter W. Müller, ‘Äthiopische Inschriftenfragmente aus der himjarischen Hauptstadt Ẓafār’, Aethiopica 15 (2012), pp. 7–21.
CIH 541
548 CE · Maʾrib, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Abraha’s long royal inscription records a revolt, dam repairs, a church dedication, and embassies from neighbouring powers.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 541 Sadd Maʾrib 5. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
CIH 621
530 CE · Biʾr ʿAlī, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ and his sons record repairs to a fortress after returning from Ḥabašat and an Abyssinian invasion of Ḥimyar.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 621 Ry 342; RES 2633; RES 5091. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
DAI GDN 2002-20
548 CE · Maʾrib, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Abraha records the construction, dimensions, and completion of a structure at the Great Dam of Maʾrib.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- DAI GDN 2002-20 Sadd Maʾrib 4. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Gr 27
Late 3rd–early 4th century CE · Bayt al-Ashwāl, Ẓafār, Yemen, Yemen · Late Sabaic
A building dedication records reconstruction after a fire attributed to Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Gr 27. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ist 7608 bis
c. 530s CE · Ḍāf, Yemen · Late Sabaic
A Christian royal fragment names Sumyafaʿ Ashwaʿ, the rulers of Aksum, and Ella Aṣbeḥa. Its relationship to Wellcome A 103664 is uncertain.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ist 7608 bis RES 3904. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 547+Ja 546+Ja 544+Ja 545
558 CE · Maʾrib, Yemen · Late Sabaic
Tribal leaders commemorate work on the Maʾrib dam under Abraha. Four separately numbered portions form one inscription.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ja 547+Ja 546+Ja 544+Ja 545 Sadd Maʾrib 6. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 1028
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A commander of Yūsuf Asʾar Yathʾar records the destruction of churches and conflict with Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ja 1028. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
Ry 506
552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
Abraha records a campaign against Maʿadd, military detachments, submission, and hostages.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 506 Murayghān 1. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ry 507
523 CE · Biʾr Ḥimā, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A damaged campaign text recounts attacks at Ẓafār and Makhāwān and operations toward Najrān.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 507. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
Ry 508
523 CE · ʿān-Halkān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A Ḥimyarite commander’s account of attacks on Abyssinians and churches, and preparations at Mandab and Najrān.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 508. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Romolo Loreto, discussion of Christian architecture and inscriptions, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 134–135.
Sayed / Murayghān 2
6th century CE; probably c. 552 · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
The qayl Mns¹ dhū-Dharnḥ records accompanying King Abraha on a campaign against Maʿadd.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Sayed Murayghān 2. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Wellcome A 103664
6th century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Late Sabaic
A fragmentary Christian inscription mentions Aksum and Abyssinian forces at Ṣanʿāʾ; it may belong to the same text as Ist 7608 bis.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Wellcome A 103664. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
CIH 308
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean dedication records an alliance with GDRT, king of Ḥabašat. Several ancient copies preserve this longer version.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 308. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
CIH 308 bis
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
The shorter recension of the Riyām dedication, preserved in several copies. The photograph shows Gl 870+872.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 308 bis. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
CIH 314+954
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean officers dedicate bronze statues and record an embassy from Shammar dhū-Raydān and the tribes of Ḥabašat.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 314+CIH 954. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
CIH 350
3rd century CE · Unknown, Unknown · Sabaic
A damaged dedication recounts campaigns against several opponents, including Ḥabašat.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- CIH 350. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ry 533
Early 3rd century CE · Rayda, Yemen · Sabaic
Commanders serving Shaʿirum Awtar recount campaigns by land and sea in a dedication to their solar deity.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ry 533. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2
253 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5
272 CE · al-Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ir 12
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Wfym ʾḏrḥ dedicates a bronze statue and bull after defending Ḥashid during the reign of Shaʿirum Awtar.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
- Ir 12 Sh 20. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ir 19
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two qayls dedicate bronze statues after campaigns of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin against Ḥabašat and their allies.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ir 19 ZI 26. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ir 20
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
- Ir 20. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ir 28
c. 312–316 CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
- Ir 28. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 574
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two Sabaean kings dedicate silver statues after fighting Abyssinian forces and their allies in the western lowlands.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ja 574 MaMB 153; ZI 59. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 575
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary royal dedication recounts a campaign from Ṣanʿāʾ into Sahratān and the coastal country.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
- Ja 575 Geukens 7; Ry 539; MaMB 224; ZI 55. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 631
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Qṭbn ʾwkn records an embassy to GDRT, king of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites, followed by campaigns involving the prince BYGT.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
- Ja 631 MaMB 213; ZI 66. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 635
Early 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A dedication from the Awwām temple recounts military service, including operations involving Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved from the checked sources.
- Ja 635 MaMB 270; ZI 16. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Robin-Umm Laylā 1
c. 160–190 CE · Umm Laylā, Yemen · Sabaic
A tribal agreement to strengthen defences and restore cisterns after Abyssinian forces reached the country.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Robin-Umm Laylā 1 Ja 2877. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ir 69
3rd century CE · al-ʿAmāyid / ʿArsh Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A Barʾān dedication combines favourable oracles, diplomacy with Ḥimyar, and campaigns against Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ir 69. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 2
First half of the 3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
An Awwām dedication recounts conflict with Abyssinian forces in Sihām and Wādī Ḥaraḍ under Laḥayʿathat Yarkham.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- FB-Maḥram Bilqīs 2. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
- Christian Julien Robin, “Sabaʾ et la Khawlān du Nord”, in A. V. Sedov (ed.), Arabia and Islam (2014), pp. 188–189, Text 8.
Ja 585
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
Two brothers thank ʾAlmaqah for their father’s return after an embassy to the Abyssinians and imprisonment at S³wm.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ja 585. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Murayghān 3
c. 552 CE · Murayghān, Saudi Arabia · Late Sabaic
A royal rock inscription records Abraha’s authority over Maʿadd and other Arabian communities.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Murayghān 3. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Ja 576+577
3rd century CE · Maḥram Bilqīs, Yemen · Sabaic
A long dedication of Ilsharaḥ Yaḥḍub and Yaʾzil Bayyin recounts wars, hostages, and conflict involving Abyssinian forces.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Ja 576+Ja 577 Ry 535; MaMB 212+MaMB 219. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Gr 210
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · Jabal Riyām, Yemen · Sabaic
A fragmentary statue base preserves a shorter version of CIH 308, including GDRT and the alliance.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
Partial English rendering: lines 10–11 only.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- Gr 210. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
al-Ḥasanī 2017
Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertain · Jabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen · Sabaic
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
Original
Full surviving edited text; losses and uncertain letters retained.
English
English translation of the surviving text; credit and qualifications in the reader.
Image
Verified artifact image or labelled facsimile.
- al-Ḥasanī 2017. DASI / Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions; full text, translation, object record, and bibliography.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, Ancient Arabia: archaeology & history of pre-islamic Arabia. Source inventory and historical context.
Nāmī NAG 13–14
Late 2nd–early 3rd century CE · South Arabia · Sabaic
Alliance witness cited in the scholarly inventory; exact edition identified.
Original
Full edition not retrieved.
English
Full English translation not retrieved.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved.
- Jacques Ryckmans, “L’inscription sud-arabe Nāmī NAG 13–14”, Eretz-Israel 9 (1969), pp. 102–108.
- George Hatke, “Aksum [and South Arabia]”, source inventory.
MAFRAY al-Miʿsāl 3
3rd century CE · Jabal Miʿsāl, Yemen · Sabaic
Rock inscription cited for campaigns against Abyssinians; lines 8–9 are discussed in the corpus.
Original
Full edition not retrieved.
English
Full English translation not retrieved.
Image
No exact artifact image retrieved.
- Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, “Inscriptions”, discussion of MAFRAY Miʿsāl 3/8–9, citing Robin (1989), p. 151 and Bāfaqīh (1990), p. 397.

Catalogue

Nāmī NAG 13–14

MAFRAY al-Miʿsāl 3