418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
al-Ḥasanī 2017al-Ḥasanī 2017Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertainJabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧𐩢 𐩱𐩮𐩵𐩤 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩺-𐩠𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧 𐩥-𐩱(𐩡)𐩲[... ...]
No artifact photograph was located in the cited DASI record or the checked edition plates.
Ir 203rd century CEMaḥram Bilqīs, Yemen
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
𐩠𐩲𐩬 [... ...] 𐩣𐩤𐩩𐩥𐩺 𐩬𐩦𐩱𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩺𐩱𐩣𐩬 𐩺𐩠𐩧𐩢𐩨 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧𐩢 𐩺𐩢𐩳𐩨 𐩥-𐩺𐩱𐩸𐩡 𐩨𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠-𐩨𐩲𐩡-𐩱𐩥𐩣 𐩮𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩹-𐩹𐩠𐩨𐩬 𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣 𐩨-𐩹𐩩 𐩠𐩥𐩰𐩺 𐩲𐩨𐩵-𐩠𐩥 𐩠𐩲𐩬 𐩨-𐩫𐩡 𐩱𐩣𐩡𐩱 𐩪𐩩𐩣𐩡𐩱 𐩨-𐩲𐩣-𐩠𐩥 𐩨-𐩫𐩬 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩣𐩲𐩧𐩨𐩬 𐩨-𐩤𐩠𐩩 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩥-𐩱𐩩𐩥𐩥 𐩨-𐩱𐩢𐩡𐩡𐩣 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩶𐩬𐩣𐩣 𐩨𐩬 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 𐩹-𐩲𐩵𐩥𐩥 𐩨-𐩲𐩣 𐩧𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩹-𐩨𐩬 𐩱𐩪𐩠𐩧𐩬
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2253 CEal-Miʿsāl, Yemen
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
𐩡𐩢𐩺𐩲𐩩 𐩱𐩥𐩫𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩺𐩲𐩸𐩸 𐩥-𐩨𐩬 𐩣𐩲𐩠𐩧 𐩥-𐩹-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩼𐩺𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩫𐩡𐩲𐩬 𐩥-𐩹-𐩨𐩩𐩲𐩬 𐩥-𐩧𐩺𐩣𐩬 𐩤𐩺𐩡 𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩵𐩣𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩥-𐩣𐩢𐩧𐩴 𐩦—
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5272 CEal-Miʿsāl, Yemen
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
𐩢𐩼𐩺𐩬 𐩱𐩥𐩫𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩣𐩲𐩠𐩧 𐩥-𐩹-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩤𐩺𐩡 𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩵𐩣𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩩𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩥-𐩠𐩴𐩡𐩬 𐩥-𐩩𐩬𐩳𐩲 𐩥-𐩦𐩩𐩰𐩩𐩬 𐩨-𐩲𐩣 𐩦𐩣𐩪-𐩠𐩥 𐩲𐩡𐩺𐩩 𐩨𐩲𐩡𐩩 𐩤𐩺𐩰𐩺 𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩦𐩢𐩧𐩧𐩣 𐩡-𐩹𐩩 𐩩𐩭𐩣𐩧𐩬-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩠𐩥𐩦𐩲 𐩥-𐩠𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩬 𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣
Gr 27Gr 27Late 3rd–early 4th century CEBayt al-Ashwāl, Ẓafār, Yemen, Yemen
A building dedication records reconstruction after a fire attributed to Abyssinian forces.
𐩠𐩥𐩰𐩲𐩻𐩩 𐩺𐩠𐩺𐩲 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩺-𐩠𐩥 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩥-𐩵𐩥𐩣[𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 185 IIRIÉ 185 IIfirst half of the 4th century CEAksum, Ethiopia
The royal text names ʿEzana’s dominions and commemorates the defeat, provisioning, and resettlement of Beja groups under six subordinate kings.
ዐዘነ ነገሠ አከሰመ [ወ]ሐመየረ ወከሰ ወሰበአ ወሐበሠተ ወረየደነ ወሰለሐ ወጸየመ ወበገ ነገሠ ነገሠተ ወለደ መሐረመ ዘ[አ]የተመወአ
RIÉ 185bis IRIÉ 185bis I4th century CEAksum, Ethiopia
This duplicate of ʿEzana’s Beja victory text preserves the royal titulary and the account of captives, livestock, provisioning, and resettlement more clearly than the earlier-known monument.
𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩥𐩣 𐩥𐩢𐩣𐩧𐩣 𐩥𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬𐩣 𐩥𐩪𐩡𐩠𐩬𐩣 𐩥𐩪𐩨𐩱𐩣 𐩥𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩩𐩣 𐩥𐩮𐩺𐩣𐩣 𐩥𐩮𐩧𐩵𐩣 𐩥𐩫𐩪𐩥𐩣 𐩥𐩨𐩴𐩣
No artifact photograph was located in the cited DASI record or the checked edition plates.
Ir 28c. 312–316 CEMaḥram Bilqīs, Yemen
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩲𐩻𐩩 𐩱𐩦𐩥𐩲 𐩹-𐩢𐩨𐩨[... ...] 𐩱𐩤𐩥𐩡 𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬𐩠𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩥𐩢 𐩥-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩭𐩳𐩡𐩣 𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩻𐩠𐩥𐩬 𐩨𐩲𐩡 𐩱𐩥𐩣 𐩮𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩹-𐩹𐩠𐩨𐩬 𐩹-𐩦𐩰𐩩-𐩠𐩥 𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣 𐩨-𐩹𐩩 𐩱𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩥-𐩠𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩢𐩧𐩣 <𐩨->𐩨𐩧𐩻 𐩢𐩦𐩫-𐩠𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩫𐩧𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩥𐩩𐩧 𐩺𐩠𐩬𐩲𐩣 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩥-𐩢𐩦𐩫-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩩𐩬𐩨𐩡𐩩𐩣 𐩱𐩧𐩳 𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩩 𐩥-𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣𐩬 𐩨-𐩲𐩨𐩧 𐩬𐩴𐩦𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩣𐩧-𐩠𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩱𐩩𐩥 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩱𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩪𐩡𐩣𐩣 𐩥-𐩠𐩹𐩫𐩺 𐩨-𐩲𐩣-𐩠𐩥 𐩩𐩬𐩨𐩡𐩩𐩣 𐩱𐩢𐩺𐩤𐩣 𐩥-𐩸𐩡𐩬𐩪 𐩥-𐩫-𐩭𐩣𐩧 𐩲𐩨𐩵-𐩠𐩥 𐩱𐩩𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩲𐩩 𐩺𐩣𐩩𐩣 𐩨-𐩡𐩡𐩩 𐩥-𐩩𐩱𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩣𐩼𐩱𐩥 𐩨-𐩣𐩭𐩥𐩬 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣
RIÉ 186RIÉ 186fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
A damaged royal throne inscription follows an Aksumite ruler through submissions, tribute, and the imposition of royal law in several named regions.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 187RIÉ 187fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
A vocalized-Geʿez royal inscription narrates ʿEzana’s campaign against the ʾAgʷəzāt, including troop movements, captives, and named encampments.
ዔዛና፡ ወልደ፡ እሌ፡ ዐሚዳ፡ ብእስየ፡ ሐሌን፡ ንጉሠ፡ አክ
RIÉ 188RIÉ 188fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
A vocalized-Geʿez royal text commemorates ʿEzana’s campaign against the Ṣarane and records captives, livestock, and the king’s return.
ዔዛና፡ ወልደ፡ እሌ፡ ዐሚዳ፡ ብእስየ፡ ሐሌን፡ ንጉሠ፡ አክሱም፡ ወዘ፡ ሕሜር፡ ወዘ፡ ረይዳን፡ ወዘ፡ ሰበእ፡ ወዘ፡ ሰልሔን፡ ወዘ፡ ጽያሞ፡ ወዘ፡ ብጋ፡ ወዘ፡ ካሱ፡ ወልደ፡ መሕርም፡ ዘአይትመዋእ፡ ለፀር፡ ፀብኡ፡ ጸረኔ፡ መንግሥቶሙ፡ አፋን፡ ሶቤ፡ ገፍዐን፡ ወቀተል፡ ነጋዲ▧፡ ወእምዝ፡ ፀበእናሁ፡ ወእምቀዳ፡ ፈነውነ፡ ሰራዊተ፡ ሰርዌ፡ መሐዛ፡ ወሰርዌ፡ ዳኴን፡ ወሰርዌ፡ ሐራ፡ ወለሊነ፡ ተለውነ፡ ወኀደርነ፡ ምግባአ፡ መራድ፡ ዓላሃ፡ ወአውፈርነ፡ ሰራዊተነ፡ ወቀተልዎ፡ ወፄወውዎ፡ ወመህረክዎ፡ ወቀተልነ፡ ሰዕኔ፡ ወጸወንቴ፡ ወጌማ፡ ወዘሕተን፡ አርበዕቱ፡ አንጋደ፡ ወአኀዝነ፡ አሊታሃ፡ ምስሌ፡ ክልኤ፡ ደቁ፡ ወኮነ፡ ቅትለ፡ ዕድ፡ ዘአፋን፡ ፭፻፫፡ ወአንስት፡ ፪፻፪፡ ወኮነ፡ ፯፻፭፡ ፄዋ፡ ዕድ፡ ወአንስት፡ ዘሕዝበ፡ ገዐዛ፡ ዕድ፡ ፵፡ ወአንስት፡ ወደቂቅ፡ ፻፷፭፡ ወኮነ፡ ፪፻፭፡ ምህርካ፡ ለህም፡ ፫፼፲፻፱፻፶፯፡ እንስሳ፡ ዐውድ፡ ፰፻፳፯፡ ወተመይጡ፡ ዳኅነ፡ ምስሌ፡ አሕዛቢሆሙ፡ ወተከሉ፡ መንበረ፡ በዝየ፡ በሠዶ፡ ወአመሐፀንዎ፡ ለዐስተር፡ ወለብሔር፡ ወለምድር፡ ለእመ፡ ቦዘ፡ ነሠቶ፡ ወነቀሎ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወብሔሩ፡ ወዘመዱ፡ ለይትነቀል፡ ወይትነሠት፡ እብሔሩ፡ ለይሢእ፡ ወቀፍኡ፡ አኮቴተ፡ ለመሕርም፡ ዘወለዶሙ፡ ለህም፡ ፻፡ ወፄዋ፡ ፶፡
RIÉ 189RIÉ 189mid-4th century CEAksum, Ethiopia
The inscription presents ʿEzana’s titles and narrates his campaign against the Noba and into Kush, including troop movements, captives, casualties, and livestock totals.
በኀይለ፡ እግዚአ፡ ሰማይ፡ ዘበ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምድር፡ መዋኢ፡ ሊተ፡ አነ፡ ዔዛና፡ ወልደ፡ እሌ፡ ዐሚዳ፡ ብእስየ፡ ሐልን፡ ንጉሠ፡ አክሱም፡ ወዘ፡ ሕሜር፡ ወዘ፡ ረይዳን፡ ወዘ፡ ሰበእ፡ ወዘ፡ ሰልሔን፡ ወዘ፡ ጽያሞ፡ ወዘ፡ ብጋ፡ ወዘ፡ ካሱ፡
The cited edition contains a plate of this inscription; no image is available here.
RIÉ 271 and 190fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
The surviving Greek lines of RIÉ 271 parallel the much longer Geʿez-in-South-Arabian-script RIÉ 190 account of ʿEzana’s campaign against the Noba.
22 Ἐξῆλθα πολεμῆσαι 23 τοὺς Νωβα, ὅτι κατέκραξαν κατ᾽ αὐτῶν 24 οἱ Μανγαρθω καὶ Χασα καὶ Ἀτιαδιται 25 καὶ βαρεωται λέγοντες ὅτι κατεπόνη- 26 σαν ἡμᾶς οἱ Νωβα, […] 32 ἔφθασα εἰς Μαμβαριαν καὶ ἐκῖθεν ἐσιτάρχησα
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 268mid-fourth century CESite 24 B in Winkler rock Drawings from Southern Upper Egypt, vol. I 1938. in the Wadi Menih on the road to Berenice.
This bloc de pierre from Site 24 B in Winkler rock Drawings from Southern Upper Egypt, vol. I 1938. in the Wadi Menih on the road to Berenice. preserves lines 1–3 only.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 181Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMaṭarā
This plaque from Maṭarā preserves selected lexical interpretations from three otherwise uninterpreted lists. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
smn; mrbʿt; mkʿb; zkn
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 182Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMaṭarā
This plaque from Maṭarā preserves complete surviving texts i and ii, three physical lines each. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
Text I 1 mdbt | l-tbʿ-m | gb-m | khl-m | 2 [.]t-m | ʾqh-m | tdl-m | tfn-m | ʾkbr-m 3 wdl-m | syq-m | tkz-m Text II 1 [.]nyt | m-wsk-n | ʾhrt | m 2 [.]fś | m | ʾhrt | dʿbr | m 3 ʿmdt | m | gdr-s | m | t | tz | m
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 183Aksumite corpus; date uncertainSafra
This plaque from Safra preserves complete published translation of four texts; untranslated terms retained.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184Aksumite corpus; date uncertainZǝban Kutur
This statuette from Zǝban Kutur preserves complete published translation of both sides of the figurine.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184 BAksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This pierre from ʾAksum preserves partial interpretation of the first two lines. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184 CAksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This pierre from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of three short lines.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184 DAksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This pierre from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of the surviving four-line fragment. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
1 […] 2 wzmyt … 3 … ʾGD … 4 …
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 194Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This plaque from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of the surviving eleven-line fragment. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 196 · DAE 24 · FacsimileRIÉ 196Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This rocher from ʾAksum preserves alternative lexical interpretations of one word. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
ʿdb (left-to-right) / bdʿ (right-to-left)
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 197Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This rocher from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of three lines.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
61–120 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedicatory fragment. The beginning, ending, and part of the divine name are lost; brackets retain the edition’s restoration.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound B · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe area, Eritrea; excavated in Mound B room 33, not in situ · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Cultic or royal names; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E2 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The same letter sequence names the tribe Bakīl elsewhere, but the edition considers a personal name more likely here.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound E 1, locus 43 · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the monument C · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara during the excavation of the mound F · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Matara · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Name; other marks uninterpreted. Two m signs on the right-hand stone remain uninterpreted.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Dibdib · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the three-line dedication. DWL may designate a locality, region, people, or tribe; the edition does not resolve which.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dibdib, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving dedication with editorial restoration. The lost verb could have been singular or plural. <This stone> is supplied from the object, not a surviving word.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of the surviving three-line dedication. <This stone> is supplied from the object. HYW is probably a co-dedicant.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Feqya, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain personal-name fragment. A damaged word may be a personal name; the letters in the second line remain uninterpreted.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Feqya, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Barachit, Debub, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Dera, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation of two short texts. The divine names in Text II are probable readings; the etymology of YGDY is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The name is otherwise unknown; its proposed compound structure has no convincing etymology.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preferred identification within an uncertain text. Drewes prefers a personal-name interpretation of ḤYWT over Littmann’s tentative ‘for the life of ʾAgʷabat’; the exact form and etymology of the other names remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Tokhonda, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are offered; the root is secure but the final consonant is not.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Kelette Afa, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. GʿSY may be a local name; its etymology is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 91 and 124–126.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi, engraved on a stone · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two preserved personal names. The etymology of ḤDBR remains uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two partly legible names from four texts. Only the names in Texts II and III are more or less legible; the reading and derivation of both remain doubtful.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two surviving words. Only the kinship phrase and name remain legible.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 97 and has South Arabian parallels.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. WDGLY is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; MʿDʾL is well attested in South Arabia.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are possible; the inscription does not decide between them.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 94.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. Its grammatical form and interpretation remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving first line and proposed name gloss. The patronymic is lost after the kinship term.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested as a South Arabian personal name.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name. The edition compares related names in RIÉ 9, 12, and 79.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable local personal name. Drewes rejects Jamme’s reading and the translation ‘ʾAbih has slept [here].’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted fragment. The fragmentary text does not permit an interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Partly legible personal name. A personal name is probable, but it is only partly readable and is not transcribed securely.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted text. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The verb is interpreted from the root wdd, ‘love’; the linguistic classification remains discussed in the commentary.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Laʿlay ʿAddi · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Two probable personal names. Both etymologies remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published formula with abbreviated divine name. The preserved letters DḤ are understood as an abbreviation of the goddess DṮ ḤMN.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible remains of a known formula. The graffito is incomplete and difficult to read; the formula depends on the tentative reading of its first two letters.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and lexical gloss. The related Arabic root can also mean ‘be indulgent.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested in South Arabia; QṢRY has a different possible derivation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain possible personal name. If the word is read ḥwʾr, it may share a root with WʿRN, but the reading itself is uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name and preferred gloss. The edition prefers derivation from the Ethiopian root ʾkl, ‘suffice,’ over a root meaning ‘eat’; a pronominal suffix would yield ‘it will suffice for him.’
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Ruba Kodo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable personal name. The final r is not certain and the exact meaning of the underlying verb remains unresolved.
