418 inscriptions

Inscriptions

DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.

RIÉ 189ʿEzana’s Noba campaignAksum, Ethiopia

Catalogue

418 inscriptions in chronological order

Showing 97–120

RIÉ 93

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 93Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Two surviving words. Only the kinship phrase and name remain legible.

bn WDD

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 94

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 94Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 97 and has South Arabian parallels.

ʾWSM

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 95

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 95Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Published translation. WDGLY is considered a local name of uncertain etymology; MʿDʾL is well attested in South Arabia.

WDGLY bn MʿDʾL

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 96

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 96Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Alternative readings of a personal name. Both readings are possible; the inscription does not decide between them.

SFLN / KFLN

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 97

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 97Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 94.

ʾWSM

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 98

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 98Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Preserved personal name. Its grammatical form and interpretation remain uncertain.

YMNY

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 99

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 99Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Surviving first line and proposed name gloss. The patronymic is lost after the kinship term.

YMNʾL bn […]

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 100

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 100Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested as a South Arabian personal name.

STʾM / NTʾM

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 101

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 101Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Preserved personal name. The edition compares related names in RIÉ 9, 12, and 79.

RDYʾ

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 102

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 102Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Probable local personal name. Drewes rejects Jamme’s reading and the translation ‘ʾAbih has slept [here].’

NḤBʾ (?)

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 106

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 106Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Published translation. The verb is interpreted from the root wdd, ‘love’; the linguistic classification remains discussed in the commentary.

l-dd ʿstr

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 107

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 107Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainLaʿlay ʿAddi

Inscription from Laʿlay ʿAddi

Two probable personal names. Both etymologies remain uncertain.

ḤQN / YʿM

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 108

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 108Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainRuba Kodo

Inscription from Ruba Kodo

Published formula with abbreviated divine name. The preserved letters DḤ are understood as an abbreviation of the goddess DṮ ḤMN.

l-ṭḥw DḤ

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 109

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 109Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainRuba Kodo

Inscription from Ruba Kodo

Possible remains of a known formula. The graffito is incomplete and difficult to read; the formula depends on the tentative reading of its first two letters.

tḥ[…] (?)

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 110

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 110Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainRuba Kodo

Inscription from Ruba Kodo

Probable personal name and lexical gloss. The related Arabic root can also mean ‘be indulgent.’

ḤLM

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 111

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 111Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainRuba Kodo

Inscription from Ruba Kodo

Alternative readings of a personal name. Neither reading is otherwise attested in South Arabia; QṢRY has a different possible derivation.

YṢRY / QṢRY

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 113

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 113Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainRuba Kodo

Probable personal name and preferred gloss. The edition prefers derivation from the Ethiopian root ʾkl, ‘suffice,’ over a root meaning ‘eat’; a pronominal suffix would yield ‘it will suffice for him.’

YʾKL

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 114

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 114Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainRuba Kodo

Inscription from Ruba Kodo

Probable personal name. The final r is not certain and the exact meaning of the underlying verb remains unresolved.

YMḤR

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 115

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 115Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainRuba Kodo

Inscription from Ruba Kodo

Two names with one alternative reading. The first reading is insecure; DMLY is clear but its etymology is unknown.

SQY[M] / ʿQY[M] // DMLY

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 116

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 116Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo

Inscription from Zeban Mororo

Preserved personal name. It may be local; its root and exact form are uncertain.

ʾNʿN

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 117

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 117Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo

Inscription from Zeban Mororo

Preserved personal name and lexical relation. The final n may be South Arabian nunation; the name may nevertheless be local.

NQHN

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 118

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 118Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo

Inscription from Zeban Mororo

Preserved personal name. The same name occurs in RIÉ 117.

NQHN

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 119

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 119Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo

Inscription from Zeban Mororo

Published translation. Both names are probably local; their precise verbal derivations remain uncertain.

HNQH bn HʿSʿL

Early highland inscriptionRead text

RIÉ 121

No verified photograph or facsimile of this artifact has been retrieved.

RIÉ 121Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertainZeban Mororo

Inscription from Zeban Mororo

Published translation with uncertain principal name. The reading BQLNYʾ is not entirely certain; the father’s name is well attested.

BQLNYʾ bn HʿN

Early highland inscriptionRead text

Source register

RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.

181–240 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.

DʿMT & early highlands19

RIÉ 175
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Saro · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Preserved personal name and preferred vocalization. The internal ʿ may represent a vowel; the causative interpretation is preferred but remains an etymological proposal.
Original
Full native-script edition not retrieved. A partial transliterated reading is available.
English
English rendering of the published translation or lexical commentary.
Image
No verified artifact image retrieved for this entry.
- Beta maṣāḥǝft, RIÉ 175: object record and edition references.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 175, pp. 147–148.
RIÉ 176
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Awalo · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. Both names may be local; the proposed South Arabian connection of DʿMN remains conditional.
Original
Full native-script edition not retrieved. A partial transliterated reading is available.
English
English rendering of the published translation or lexical commentary.
Image
No verified artifact image retrieved for this entry.
- Beta maṣāḥǝft, RIÉ 176: object record and edition references.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 176, pp. 148–149.
RIÉ 177
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · provenance unknown · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Published translation. The object appears much later than the other monumental Sabaic inscriptions from Ethiopia and may have originated in South Arabia.
Original
Full native-script edition not retrieved. A partial transliterated reading is available.
English
English rendering of the published translation or lexical commentary.
Image
No verified artifact image retrieved for this entry.
- Beta maṣāḥǝft, RIÉ 177: object record and edition references.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 177, p. 149.
RIÉ 178
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · provenance unknown · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpretable fragment. The text is too fragmentary to interpret.
Original
Full native-script edition not retrieved.
English
The published commentary offers no secure translation.
Image
No verified artifact image retrieved for this entry.
- Beta maṣāḥǝft, RIÉ 178: object record and edition references.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 178, p. 149.
RIÉ 179
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · provenance unknown · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Reported word in an unpublished inscription. The inscription remained unpublished; Littmann’s information says it contained dedications to ʿAstar and the word ʿrkn, but no text or translation is available for verification.
Original
Full native-script edition not retrieved. A partial transliterated reading is available.
English
The published commentary offers no secure translation.
Image
No verified artifact image retrieved for this entry.
- Beta maṣāḥǝft, RIÉ 179: object record and edition references.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 179, pp. 149–150.
Addi Akaweh 1
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ / Addi Amiq, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; farmer-found in 1995, preserved at Abba Garima church · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Original
DASI transliteration and normalized Old South Arabian Unicode are available in the reader; surviving lineation retained.
English
DASI/CSAI English translation available in the reader.
Image
Exact record media available: 1 linked DASI image(s), all visually checked; the reader uses image record 7977.
- Giulia Buono (ed.), ‘Addi Akaweh 1’, DASI, first published 2015-01-05.
MG 1
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Original
DASI transliteration and normalized Old South Arabian Unicode are available in the reader; surviving lineation retained.
English
Fresh literal English rendering of the surviving text is available; DASI supplies no English translation.
Image
Exact record media available: 1 linked DASI image(s), all visually checked; the reader uses image record 7158.
- Giulia Buono (ed.), ‘MG 1’, DASI, first published 2015-01-05.
MG 2
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Original
DASI transliteration and normalized Old South Arabian Unicode are available in the reader; surviving lineation retained.
English
DASI/CSAI English translation available in the reader.
Image
Exact record media available: 2 linked DASI image(s), all visually checked; the reader uses image record 11311.
- Giulia Buono (ed.), ‘MG 2’, DASI, first published 2015-01-05.
MG 3
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Gaʿəwa, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; in situ in the temple of ʾlmqh, now Wuqro Museum · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Royal name; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Original
DASI transliteration and normalized Old South Arabian Unicode are available in the reader; surviving lineation retained.
English
DASI/CSAI English translation available in the reader.
Image
Exact record media available: 1 linked DASI image(s), all visually checked; the reader uses image record 11313.
- Giulia Buono (ed.), ‘MG 3’, DASI, first published 2015-01-05.
MG 4
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Original
DASI transliteration and normalized Old South Arabian Unicode are available in the reader; surviving lineation retained.
English
DASI/CSAI English translation available in the reader.
Image
Exact record media available: 1 linked DASI image(s), all visually checked; the reader uses image record 11314.
- Giulia Buono (ed.), ‘MG 4’, DASI, first published 2015-01-05.
MG 5
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Mäqabər Ga‘əwa, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Original
DASI transliteration and normalized Old South Arabian Unicode are available in the reader; surviving lineation retained.
English
No continuous semantic translation is possible from the surviving fragment; the reader explains the limit.
Image
Exact record media available: 1 linked DASI image(s), all visually checked; the reader uses image record 7160.
- Giulia Buono (ed.), ‘MG 5’, DASI, first published 2015-01-05.
GE Ṣ́ǝrḥan 1
First half of the 1st millennium BCE · Ṣ́ǝrḥan, Aḥfärom, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean
Altar dedication by Taʿattarat naming kings ḏū Lakkān and Lāmān.
Original
Complete five-line edition and normalized Old South Arabian Unicode available.
English
Complete published English translation available.
Image
Exact published artifact photograph visually checked; surviving source image is low resolution.
- Norbert Nebes, ‘A Hitherto Unattested Ethio-Sabaean King in a Woman’s Altar Dedication from Ṣ́ǝrḥan (Tǝgray/Ethiopia)—Edition, Translation and Commentary’, Aethiopica 26 (2023), 16–29, esp. 17–18.
- Gidey Gebreegziabher, ‘A Hitherto Unattested Ethio-Sabaean King in a Woman’s Altar Dedication from Ṣ́ǝrḥan (Tǝgray/Ethiopia)—Discovery and Context’, Aethiopica 26 (2023), 9–15, esp. 10–15 and fig. 6.
DAI Grat 2019-1 / Yeh 19 B 102
Early 1st millennium BCE (no exact date verified from the unavailable primary chapter) · Grat Beʿal Gibri, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Old Sabaic
Dedication; the primary edition has not been retrieved.
Original
Primary edition identified; text not retrieved, so no original or transliteration is published.
English
No translation retrieved; none inferred from the chapter title or later citation.
Image
No exact artifact figure retrieved; no substitute image supplied.
- Norbert Nebes, ‘Sabäische Steinmetze in Äthiopien: Eine altsabäische Personenwidmung aus dem Grat Beʿal Gibri in Yeha’, in Claudia Bührig et al. (eds), Klänge der Archäologie: Festschrift für Ricardo Eichmann (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2021), 317–326, esp. 318–320.
Henze 1
Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger) · Parakleitos monastery, near the old Adigrat–Däbrä Damo road, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean (Old Sabaic ductus)
Fragmentary dedication.
Original
Complete surviving four-line fragment; most of the original text is lost
English
This translates only the surviving fragments. The restoration of hqny and l and the identification of yḥʾ with Yeha are editorial proposals, not secure text.
Image
1 exact artifact image(s), all visually checked against the cited primary edition.
- Stefan Weninger, ‘Aethiosabaeica minora’, Aethiopica 10 (2007), 52–57.
Afṣe 1
Early 1st millennium BCE (DʿMT-period context; no narrower date stated by Weninger) · Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean (Old Sabaic ductus)
Fragmentary dedication.
Original
Complete surviving two-line fragment; both sides of the original text are lost
English
The name before hqny is lost; [n]tm is only the possible tail of a mimated personal name. The epithet after ḏ is also lost.
Image
1 exact artifact image(s), all visually checked against the cited primary edition.
- Stefan Weninger, ‘Aethiosabaeica minora’, Aethiopica 10 (2007), 52–57.
Afṣe 2
Early 1st millennium BCE (archaic ductus; no narrower date stated by Weninger) · Abba Afṣe monastery exhibition room, Yeha, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Ethio-Sabaean (Old Sabaic ductus)
Short name inscription; interpretation uncertain.
Original
Complete published main reading plus the three additional visible signs named by the editor
English
Weninger does not print a separate translation. The status of Ṣdqn as a deity and ḏ- as an epithet marker is explicitly tentative; no meaning is assigned to ʾ, d, k.
Image
2 exact artifact image(s), all visually checked against the cited primary edition.
- Stefan Weninger, ‘Aethiosabaeica minora’, Aethiopica 10 (2007), 52–57.
HG Färäs May 1 / HG Färäs May 2010
About the 7th century BCE or earlier (palaeographic) · Found at Guldam near Yeha; kept at Färäs May, Tǝgray, Ethiopia when published · Ancient Sabaic
Ownership inscription on a bronze vessel.
Original
Complete one-line ownership/name inscription; separate monogram retained as ◊
English
Complete published English translation. Nebes interprets the text as an ownership mark; a votive use cannot be wholly excluded, but no dedicatory verb occurs.
Image
3 exact artifact image(s), all visually checked against the cited primary edition.
- Norbert Nebes, ‘An Inscription in Ancient Sabaic on a Bronze Kettle from Färäs May, Tigray’, Ityopis 1 (2011), 159–166.
ʿAddi Baʿekel 1
Possibly 8th–7th century BCE; a later date cannot be excluded · ʿAddi Baʿekel, Daʾero area north of Feresmay, Tǝgray, Ethiopia · Local Semitic language close to Sabaic
Fragmentary text in a local Semitic language.
Original
Complete surviving six-line fragment; top, right, and bottom are broken away
English
This is a line-aligned rendering of the editors’ tentative interpretation, not a continuous reconstruction. Lines 1–2 join rdʾt / trdʾw and lines 3–4 join w-kl.
Image
1 exact artifact image(s), all visually checked against the cited primary edition.
- Fabienne Dugast and Iwona Gajda, ‘Prospections archéologiques dans la région de Meqele et les contreforts orientaux du Tigray’, Annales d’Éthiopie 29 (2014), 179–197, inscription at 184–186.
Manzo 2002 fragment reportedly joined to RIÉ 28
Early 1st millennium BCE context (joined date not independently verified) · Gobo Čela / Melazo area, Ethiopia (reported association with RIÉ 28) · Ethio-Sabaean
Reported join to RIÉ 28; the joined reading has not been verified.
Original
RIÉ 28 has a reader, but the Manzo fragment and the published joined reading were not retrieved; no merge made.
English
No separately verified translation for the joined fragment.
Image
Exact Manzo 2002 fig. 3 unavailable because the repository post-print is restricted; no substitute image supplied.
- Andrea Manzo, ‘Note su alcuni oggetti sudarabici rinvenuti in Etiopia’, Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, n.s. 1/1 (2002), 45–61, fig. 3.

Aksumite corpus & Arabian witnesses38

Fiaccadori 2007
fifth or sixth century CE · Gumalē, near Aksum, Ethiopia · Ancient Greek
Aksumite corpus supplement; date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
English translation available in reader
Image
No exact artifact image available here
- Beta maṣāḥǝft inscription catalogue record.
newBronze1
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · Provenance uncertain · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus supplement; date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not yet available
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
No exact artifact image available here
- Beta maṣāḥǝft inscription catalogue record.
newBronze2
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · Provenance uncertain · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus supplement; date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not yet available
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
No exact artifact image available here
- Beta maṣāḥǝft inscription catalogue record.
RIÉ 180
early Aksumite; before 300 CE on palaeographic grounds · ʿAddi Gälämo · Geʿez
early Aksumite; before 300 CE on palaeographic grounds
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
English translation available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 219; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 219—220; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 89; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 155–166
RIÉ 181
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · Maṭarā · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 181, pp. 167.
RIÉ 182
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · Maṭarā · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 182, pp. 172.
RIÉ 183
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · Safra · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 183, pp. 178–179.
RIÉ 184
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · Zǝban Kutur · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 184, pp. 192.
RIÉ 184 A
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 184 A, pp. 192.
RIÉ 184 B
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 184 B, pp. 193.
RIÉ 184 C
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 184 C, pp. 193.
RIÉ 184 D
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 184 D, pp. 193.
RIÉ 185 and 270
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription · Provenance not resolved · Geʿez
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
Complete fresh English translation from checked French available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 241-245, page 363-367; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 99-101, plate 179; RIÉ III.A, Greek texts (Bernand 2000), page 5-11; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 197-205
RIÉ 185bis and 270bis
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription · Provenance not resolved · Geʿez
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
Complete parallel English translation from checked French available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 246-250, page 367-370; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 246—250, page 367—370; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 102—108, plate 180; RIÉ III.A, Greek texts (Bernand 2000), page 12–15; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 205–207
RIÉ 186
fourth century CE · Aksum, Ethiopia · Geʿez in South Arabian-derived script
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
Complete fresh English translation from checked French available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 250-254; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 109-112; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 207-215
RIÉ 187
fourth century CE · Aksum, Ethiopia · Geʿez
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
Complete fresh English translation from checked French available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 255-258; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 113-115; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 215-228
RIÉ 188
fourth century CE · Aksum, Ethiopia · Geʿez
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
Complete fresh English translation from checked French available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 258-261; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 258—261; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 109—112; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 228–232
RIÉ 189
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription · It was recorded by Rüppel in in the 1830s; by the time of the Deutsche Aksum-Expedition 1906 it had been moved to the Aksum Cathedral. · Geʿez
fourth-century Aksumite royal inscription
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
Complete fresh English translation from checked French available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 262-267; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 262—267; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 119—123; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 232–241
RIÉ 191
early sixth century CE · Aksum, Ethiopia · Geʿez in South Arabian-derived script
early sixth century; reign of Kaleb
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
English translation available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 271-274; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 271—274; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 129—132; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 248–255
RIÉ 192
early sixth century CE · Aksum, Ethiopia · Geʿez
sixth century; reign of Waʿzeb, son of Kaleb
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
Complete fresh English translation from checked French available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 274-278; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 274—278; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 133—137; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 255–269
RIÉ 194
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 194, pp. 277–278.
RIÉ 195
about 530 CE · Maʾrib, Yemen · Geʿez
sixth-century Aksumite presence in South Arabia
Original
Native-script transcription available in reader
English
English translation available in reader
Image
Exact artifact photograph or published plate available in reader
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 284-288; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 284—288; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 143—144; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 279–285
RIÉ 196
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 24, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 196, pp. 289.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 54, no. 24.
RIÉ 197
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 197, pp. 290.
RIÉ 198
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not yet available
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 17, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 198, pp. 291.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 50, no. 17.
RIÉ 199
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact artifact drawing from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 18, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 199, pp. 293.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 51, no. 18.
RIÉ 200
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact photograph from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 15, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 200, pp. 296.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 49, no. 15.
RIÉ 201
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not yet available
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 16, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 201, pp. 300.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 49, no. 16.
RIÉ 203
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 20, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 203, pp. 303.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 52, no. 20.
RIÉ 204
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not yet available
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 21, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 204, pp. 304.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 52, no. 21.
RIÉ 205
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not yet available
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 22, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 205, pp. 305.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 53, no. 22.
RIÉ 206
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 206, pp. 305–306.
RIÉ 208
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
mason's mark; date not established
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 208, pp. 306.
RIÉ 209
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
uncertain mark or inscription
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 25 A, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 209, pp. 306–307.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 54, no. 25 A.
RIÉ 210
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not yet available
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 25 B, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 210, pp. 307.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 54, no. 25 B.
RIÉ 211
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 25 C, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 211, pp. 307.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 54, no. 25 C.
RIÉ 212
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
No exact artifact image available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 212, pp. 308–309.
RIÉ 213
Aksumite corpus; date uncertain · Meʾelan Debbas · Geʿez
Aksumite corpus; individual date uncertain
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
No exact artifact image available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 213, pp. 309–310.

Earlier, later & uncertain comparisons3

RIÉ 193
seventh–twelfth/thirteenth century CE · Provenance not resolved · Geʿez
seventh to twelfth/thirteenth century
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
No secure translation in the checked source, or translation not yet available here
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 278-283; RIÉ I (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), page 278—283; RIÉ II, plates (Bernand, Drewes and Schneider 1991), plate 138—141; RIÉ III.B (Drewes 2019), page 269–277
RIÉ 202
probably seventh–ninth century CE · ʾAksum · Geʿez
Probably post-Aksumite; retained for comparison.
Original
Edition text not transcribed here; published RIÉ or DAE plate cited
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Exact facsimile from Littmann, DAE IV (1913), no. 19, available in the reader.
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 202, pp. 301.
- Enno Littmann, Deutsche Aksum-Expedition IV (1913), p. 52, no. 19.
RIÉ 207
sixth–twelfth/thirteenth century CE · ʾAksum · Geʿez
sixth to twelfth/thirteenth century
Original
Native-script transcription not available here; transliterated reading supplied
English
English translation or lexical gloss available in reader
Image
Published plate cited; image not yet available here
- A. J. Drewes, RIÉ III.B (2019), no. 207, pp. 306.

Catalogue

RIÉ 178

RIÉ 179

DAI Grat 2019-1 / Yeh 19 B 102

Manzo 2002 fragment reportedly joined to RIÉ 28

newBronze1

newBronze2

RIÉ 184 A

RIÉ 193