418 inscriptions
DʿMT and Aksumite texts in their attested scripts, with published translations and exact sources.
418 inscriptions in chronological order
al-Ḥasanī 2017al-Ḥasanī 2017Middle Sabaic period; absolute date uncertainJabal Ḏaẖār, Yemen
A damaged building inscription records repairs to a city, houses, towers, and a burial place after an attack by an Abyssinian army. The surviving year-number is 98 or 198; its absolute date is not established here.
𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧𐩢 𐩱𐩮𐩵𐩤 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩺-𐩠𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧 𐩥-𐩱(𐩡)𐩲[... ...]
No artifact photograph was located in the cited DASI record or the checked edition plates.
Ir 203rd century CEMaḥram Bilqīs, Yemen
Hʿn dedicates a bronze statue after a campaign against Abyssinian forces under Nashʾakarib Yuʾmin Yuharḥib.
𐩠𐩲𐩬 [... ...] 𐩣𐩤𐩩𐩥𐩺 𐩬𐩦𐩱𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩺𐩱𐩣𐩬 𐩺𐩠𐩧𐩢𐩨 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩱𐩡𐩦𐩧𐩢 𐩺𐩢𐩳𐩨 𐩥-𐩺𐩱𐩸𐩡 𐩨𐩺𐩬 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠-𐩨𐩲𐩡-𐩱𐩥𐩣 𐩮𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩹-𐩹𐩠𐩨𐩬 𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣 𐩨-𐩹𐩩 𐩠𐩥𐩰𐩺 𐩲𐩨𐩵-𐩠𐩥 𐩠𐩲𐩬 𐩨-𐩫𐩡 𐩱𐩣𐩡𐩱 𐩪𐩩𐩣𐩡𐩱 𐩨-𐩲𐩣-𐩠𐩥 𐩨-𐩫𐩬 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩣𐩲𐩧𐩨𐩬 𐩨-𐩤𐩠𐩩 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩣𐩡𐩫𐩬 𐩥-𐩱𐩩𐩥𐩥 𐩨-𐩱𐩢𐩡𐩡𐩣 𐩥-𐩪𐩨𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩶𐩬𐩣𐩣 𐩨𐩬 𐩱𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩬 𐩹-𐩲𐩵𐩥𐩥 𐩨-𐩲𐩣 𐩧𐩪𐩣 𐩥-𐩹-𐩨𐩬 𐩱𐩪𐩠𐩧𐩬
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 2253 CEal-Miʿsāl, Yemen
A military commemoration in the temple of the solar deity ʿAlyat, dated in the Ḥimyarite era.
𐩡𐩢𐩺𐩲𐩩 𐩱𐩥𐩫𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩺𐩲𐩸𐩸 𐩥-𐩨𐩬 𐩣𐩲𐩠𐩧 𐩥-𐩹-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩼𐩺𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩫𐩡𐩲𐩬 𐩥-𐩹-𐩨𐩩𐩲𐩬 𐩥-𐩧𐩺𐩣𐩬 𐩤𐩺𐩡 𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩵𐩣𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩥-𐩣𐩢𐩧𐩴 𐩦—
MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5MAFRAY-al-Miʿsāl 5272 CEal-Miʿsāl, Yemen
A long temple text recounts military service under successive Ḥimyarite kings and campaigns involving Abyssinian forces.
𐩢𐩼𐩺𐩬 𐩱𐩥𐩫𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩣𐩲𐩠𐩧 𐩥-𐩹-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩤𐩺𐩡 𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬 𐩧𐩵𐩣𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩩𐩫𐩧𐩨 𐩥-𐩠𐩴𐩡𐩬 𐩥-𐩩𐩬𐩳𐩲 𐩥-𐩦𐩩𐩰𐩩𐩬 𐩨-𐩲𐩣 𐩦𐩣𐩪-𐩠𐩥 𐩲𐩡𐩺𐩩 𐩨𐩲𐩡𐩩 𐩤𐩺𐩰𐩺 𐩲𐩧𐩬 𐩦𐩢𐩧𐩧𐩣 𐩡-𐩹𐩩 𐩩𐩭𐩣𐩧𐩬-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩠𐩥𐩦𐩲 𐩥-𐩠𐩧𐩵𐩱𐩬 𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣
Gr 27Gr 27Late 3rd–early 4th century CEBayt al-Ashwāl, Ẓafār, Yemen, Yemen
A building dedication records reconstruction after a fire attributed to Abyssinian forces.
𐩠𐩥𐩰𐩲𐩻𐩩 𐩺𐩠𐩺𐩲 𐩥-𐩨𐩬𐩺-𐩠𐩥 𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩥-𐩵𐩥𐩣[𐩬 ... ...]
RIÉ 185 IIRIÉ 185 IIfirst half of the 4th century CEAksum, Ethiopia
The royal text names ʿEzana’s dominions and commemorates the defeat, provisioning, and resettlement of Beja groups under six subordinate kings.
ዐዘነ ነገሠ አከሰመ [ወ]ሐመየረ ወከሰ ወሰበአ ወሐበሠተ ወረየደነ ወሰለሐ ወጸየመ ወበገ ነገሠ ነገሠተ ወለደ መሐረመ ዘ[አ]የተመወአ
RIÉ 185bis IRIÉ 185bis I4th century CEAksum, Ethiopia
This duplicate of ʿEzana’s Beja victory text preserves the royal titulary and the account of captives, livestock, provisioning, and resettlement more clearly than the earlier-known monument.
𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩥𐩣 𐩥𐩢𐩣𐩧𐩣 𐩥𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬𐩣 𐩥𐩪𐩡𐩠𐩬𐩣 𐩥𐩪𐩨𐩱𐩣 𐩥𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩩𐩣 𐩥𐩮𐩺𐩣𐩣 𐩥𐩮𐩧𐩵𐩣 𐩥𐩫𐩪𐩥𐩣 𐩥𐩨𐩴𐩣
No artifact photograph was located in the cited DASI record or the checked edition plates.
Ir 28c. 312–316 CEMaḥram Bilqīs, Yemen
A Sabaean envoy records travel to the land of Ḥabašat and the Aksumites and his return with Abyssinian envoys.
𐩦𐩧𐩢𐩲𐩻𐩩 𐩱𐩦𐩥𐩲 𐩹-𐩢𐩨𐩨[... ...] 𐩱𐩤𐩥𐩡 𐩦𐩲𐩨𐩬𐩠𐩬 𐩮𐩧𐩥𐩢 𐩥-𐩭𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩭𐩳𐩡𐩣 𐩠𐩤𐩬𐩺𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩻𐩠𐩥𐩬 𐩨𐩲𐩡 𐩱𐩥𐩣 𐩮𐩡𐩣𐩬 𐩹-𐩹𐩠𐩨𐩬 𐩹-𐩦𐩰𐩩-𐩠𐩥 𐩢𐩣𐩵𐩣 𐩨-𐩹𐩩 𐩱𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩥 𐩥-𐩠𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩬 𐩨𐩬 𐩨𐩢𐩧𐩣 <𐩨->𐩨𐩧𐩻 𐩢𐩦𐩫-𐩠𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩫𐩧𐩨𐩱𐩡 𐩥𐩩𐩧 𐩺𐩠𐩬𐩲𐩣 𐩣𐩡𐩫 𐩪𐩨𐩱 𐩥-𐩹-𐩧𐩺𐩵𐩬 𐩥-𐩢𐩳𐩧𐩣𐩥𐩩 𐩥-𐩺𐩣𐩬𐩩 𐩥-𐩢𐩦𐩫-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩩𐩬𐩨𐩡𐩩𐩣 𐩱𐩧𐩳 𐩢𐩨𐩦𐩩 𐩥-𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣𐩬 𐩨-𐩲𐩨𐩧 𐩬𐩴𐩦𐩺𐩬 𐩥-𐩭𐩣𐩧-𐩠𐩥 𐩣𐩧𐩱-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩱𐩡𐩣𐩤𐩠 𐩱𐩩𐩥 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣 𐩥-𐩱𐩥𐩡𐩬 𐩪𐩡𐩣𐩣 𐩥-𐩠𐩹𐩫𐩺 𐩨-𐩲𐩣-𐩠𐩥 𐩩𐩬𐩨𐩡𐩩𐩣 𐩱𐩢𐩺𐩤𐩣 𐩥-𐩸𐩡𐩬𐩪 𐩥-𐩫-𐩭𐩣𐩧 𐩲𐩨𐩵-𐩠𐩥 𐩱𐩩𐩺 𐩪𐩨𐩲𐩩 𐩺𐩣𐩩𐩣 𐩨-𐩡𐩡𐩩 𐩥-𐩩𐩱𐩥𐩡-𐩠𐩣𐩥 𐩥-𐩣𐩼𐩱𐩥 𐩨-𐩣𐩭𐩥𐩬 𐩨-𐩥𐩰𐩺𐩣
RIÉ 186RIÉ 186fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
A damaged royal throne inscription follows an Aksumite ruler through submissions, tribute, and the imposition of royal law in several named regions.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 187RIÉ 187fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
A vocalized-Geʿez royal inscription narrates ʿEzana’s campaign against the ʾAgʷəzāt, including troop movements, captives, and named encampments.
ዔዛና፡ ወልደ፡ እሌ፡ ዐሚዳ፡ ብእስየ፡ ሐሌን፡ ንጉሠ፡ አክ
RIÉ 188RIÉ 188fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
A vocalized-Geʿez royal text commemorates ʿEzana’s campaign against the Ṣarane and records captives, livestock, and the king’s return.
ዔዛና፡ ወልደ፡ እሌ፡ ዐሚዳ፡ ብእስየ፡ ሐሌን፡ ንጉሠ፡ አክሱም፡ ወዘ፡ ሕሜር፡ ወዘ፡ ረይዳን፡ ወዘ፡ ሰበእ፡ ወዘ፡ ሰልሔን፡ ወዘ፡ ጽያሞ፡ ወዘ፡ ብጋ፡ ወዘ፡ ካሱ፡ ወልደ፡ መሕርም፡ ዘአይትመዋእ፡ ለፀር፡ ፀብኡ፡ ጸረኔ፡ መንግሥቶሙ፡ አፋን፡ ሶቤ፡ ገፍዐን፡ ወቀተል፡ ነጋዲ▧፡ ወእምዝ፡ ፀበእናሁ፡ ወእምቀዳ፡ ፈነውነ፡ ሰራዊተ፡ ሰርዌ፡ መሐዛ፡ ወሰርዌ፡ ዳኴን፡ ወሰርዌ፡ ሐራ፡ ወለሊነ፡ ተለውነ፡ ወኀደርነ፡ ምግባአ፡ መራድ፡ ዓላሃ፡ ወአውፈርነ፡ ሰራዊተነ፡ ወቀተልዎ፡ ወፄወውዎ፡ ወመህረክዎ፡ ወቀተልነ፡ ሰዕኔ፡ ወጸወንቴ፡ ወጌማ፡ ወዘሕተን፡ አርበዕቱ፡ አንጋደ፡ ወአኀዝነ፡ አሊታሃ፡ ምስሌ፡ ክልኤ፡ ደቁ፡ ወኮነ፡ ቅትለ፡ ዕድ፡ ዘአፋን፡ ፭፻፫፡ ወአንስት፡ ፪፻፪፡ ወኮነ፡ ፯፻፭፡ ፄዋ፡ ዕድ፡ ወአንስት፡ ዘሕዝበ፡ ገዐዛ፡ ዕድ፡ ፵፡ ወአንስት፡ ወደቂቅ፡ ፻፷፭፡ ወኮነ፡ ፪፻፭፡ ምህርካ፡ ለህም፡ ፫፼፲፻፱፻፶፯፡ እንስሳ፡ ዐውድ፡ ፰፻፳፯፡ ወተመይጡ፡ ዳኅነ፡ ምስሌ፡ አሕዛቢሆሙ፡ ወተከሉ፡ መንበረ፡ በዝየ፡ በሠዶ፡ ወአመሐፀንዎ፡ ለዐስተር፡ ወለብሔር፡ ወለምድር፡ ለእመ፡ ቦዘ፡ ነሠቶ፡ ወነቀሎ፡ ውእቱ፡ ወብሔሩ፡ ወዘመዱ፡ ለይትነቀል፡ ወይትነሠት፡ እብሔሩ፡ ለይሢእ፡ ወቀፍኡ፡ አኮቴተ፡ ለመሕርም፡ ዘወለዶሙ፡ ለህም፡ ፻፡ ወፄዋ፡ ፶፡
RIÉ 189RIÉ 189mid-4th century CEAksum, Ethiopia
The inscription presents ʿEzana’s titles and narrates his campaign against the Noba and into Kush, including troop movements, captives, casualties, and livestock totals.
በኀይለ፡ እግዚአ፡ ሰማይ፡ ዘበ፡ ሰማይ፡ ወምድር፡ መዋኢ፡ ሊተ፡ አነ፡ ዔዛና፡ ወልደ፡ እሌ፡ ዐሚዳ፡ ብእስየ፡ ሐልን፡ ንጉሠ፡ አክሱም፡ ወዘ፡ ሕሜር፡ ወዘ፡ ረይዳን፡ ወዘ፡ ሰበእ፡ ወዘ፡ ሰልሔን፡ ወዘ፡ ጽያሞ፡ ወዘ፡ ብጋ፡ ወዘ፡ ካሱ፡
The cited edition contains a plate of this inscription; no image is available here.
RIÉ 271 and 190fourth century CEAksum, Ethiopia
The surviving Greek lines of RIÉ 271 parallel the much longer Geʿez-in-South-Arabian-script RIÉ 190 account of ʿEzana’s campaign against the Noba.
22 Ἐξῆλθα πολεμῆσαι 23 τοὺς Νωβα, ὅτι κατέκραξαν κατ᾽ αὐτῶν 24 οἱ Μανγαρθω καὶ Χασα καὶ Ἀτιαδιται 25 καὶ βαρεωται λέγοντες ὅτι κατεπόνη- 26 σαν ἡμᾶς οἱ Νωβα, […] 32 ἔφθασα εἰς Μαμβαριαν καὶ ἐκῖθεν ἐσιτάρχησα
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 268mid-fourth century CESite 24 B in Winkler rock Drawings from Southern Upper Egypt, vol. I 1938. in the Wadi Menih on the road to Berenice.
This bloc de pierre from Site 24 B in Winkler rock Drawings from Southern Upper Egypt, vol. I 1938. in the Wadi Menih on the road to Berenice. preserves lines 1–3 only.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 181Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMaṭarā
This plaque from Maṭarā preserves selected lexical interpretations from three otherwise uninterpreted lists. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
smn; mrbʿt; mkʿb; zkn
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 182Aksumite corpus; date uncertainMaṭarā
This plaque from Maṭarā preserves complete surviving texts i and ii, three physical lines each. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
Text I 1 mdbt | l-tbʿ-m | gb-m | khl-m | 2 [.]t-m | ʾqh-m | tdl-m | tfn-m | ʾkbr-m 3 wdl-m | syq-m | tkz-m Text II 1 [.]nyt | m-wsk-n | ʾhrt | m 2 [.]fś | m | ʾhrt | dʿbr | m 3 ʿmdt | m | gdr-s | m | t | tz | m
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 183Aksumite corpus; date uncertainSafra
This plaque from Safra preserves complete published translation of four texts; untranslated terms retained.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184Aksumite corpus; date uncertainZǝban Kutur
This statuette from Zǝban Kutur preserves complete published translation of both sides of the figurine.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184 BAksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This pierre from ʾAksum preserves partial interpretation of the first two lines. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184 CAksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This pierre from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of three short lines.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 184 DAksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This pierre from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of the surviving four-line fragment. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
1 […] 2 wzmyt … 3 … ʾGD … 4 …
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 194Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This plaque from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of the surviving eleven-line fragment. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
RIÉ 196 · DAE 24 · FacsimileRIÉ 196Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This rocher from ʾAksum preserves alternative lexical interpretations of one word. The reading or interpretation remains uncertain.
ʿdb (left-to-right) / bdʿ (right-to-left)
No verified photograph or facsimile is available here. The cited edition identifies the object.
RIÉ 197Aksumite corpus; date uncertainʾAksum
This rocher from ʾAksum preserves complete published translation of three lines.
Native-script transcription is not available here.
Source register
RIÉ 1–443, with separately numbered text versions, supplements, and Arabian witnesses from the checked corpus and DASI. Dates and uncertain identifications follow the cited editions; missing texts, translations, and images are recorded below.
1–60 of 512 entries. Copies and language versions retain their own references.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Amda Tsyon (Seglamen/Aksum area), Ethiopia; loose farmer-found slab now at Aksum · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Royal name; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Abba Pantaleon monastery, Aksum, Ethiopia; reused in church façade, original provenance unknown · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; fragment now at Aksum · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland royal inscription; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; reused in church wall · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Enda Tcherqos, Aksum/Melazo area, Ethiopia; reused in church wall · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The name DʿMT is restored by the editor; it is not independently preserved.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland royal inscription; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia; altar now in the National Archaeological Museum, Addis Ababa · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Royal name; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Addi Gelemo, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; portable object from a mixed cache · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; preserved at Abba Garima church · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · ʿAddi ʾAkawǝḥ, Wuqro area, Ethiopia; preserved at Abba Garima church · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
The surviving royal title explicitly names DʿMT.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Kaskase/Keskese, Senafe area, Eritrea; in-situ architectural column · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Royal name; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Kaskase/Keskese, Senafe area, Eritrea; in-situ architectural column · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Royal name; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Unknown (Ethiopia), Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland royal inscription; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASI · Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite; absolute date not supplied by DASI · Hawlti, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Enda Tcherqos, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Gobochela, Aksum, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Gobochela · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription on a bull. The edition cannot establish the relationships between the words. A possible divine name on the foreleg does not yield a continuous translation.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland royal inscription; DʿMT is not named in the surviving text.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving fragment, partly interpreted. The beginning is lost. The readings and meanings of the intervening words are uncertain; the final protective formula is translated by the edition.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uncertain fragment. The once-proposed reading “his house AUM” relies on a disputed restoration. The edition favours bwm over ʾwm and does not establish a continuous translation.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible monogram. Several personal-name readings have been proposed, including BKM, BKLM and KLBM. The copy does not establish a unique reading.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted inscription. The edition offers no interpretation.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Possible mason’s mark. The edition tentatively identifies a mason’s mark; no linguistic translation is given.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Yeha, Tigray, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Surviving text, partly interpreted. mṭry designates the altar but its precise meaning is uncertain. The final sequence ws nsb tyw remains uninterpreted; “projection” describes the stone surface.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Uninterpreted incense-burner inscription. The edition rejects the older translation “altar for bloody sacrifices to Sīn”; both reading and interpretation remain uncertain.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Pre-Aksumite period; precise date uncertain · Yeha · Early highland inscription; Old South Arabian alphabet
Probable mason’s mark. No linguistic translation is given.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Samrē, Mekele, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Addi Gelemo, Wuqro, Ethiopia · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Addi Kerāmāten, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Addi Kerāmāten, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Addi Kerāmāten, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Addi Kerāmāten, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
Early 1st millennium–5th/4th c. BCE (DASI Period A) · Matara, Senafe, Eritrea · Early Sabaic (Ethiopia/Eritrea)
Early highland dedication, private inscription, or fragment.
